84 research outputs found
Granisetron Transdermal System in the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Effects of irradiation on intestinal cells in vivo and in vitro
The effects of irradiation on intestinal
epithelial cells were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. The in
vivo study was carried out on the rat small intestine and
for the in vitro study the intestinal crypt cell-line IEC-6
was used. Rat intestine and IEC-6 cells were irradiated
with X-ray doses ranging between 1-16 Gy. Energ y -
dispersive X-ray microanalysis was used for detection of
the elemental changes in the cells. Cell morphology was
investigated in the scanning electron microscope, DNAsynthesis
by autoradiography of 3H - t h y m i d i n e
incorporating nuclei and proliferation by cell counting.
Our results indicate that in vivo, in the crypt cells, the
increasing doses of irradiation led to increased sodium
and lowered potassium and phosphorus concentrations.
Corresponding ion shifts were found in the irradiated
IEC-6 cells. Cells continued to proliferate up to the dose
of 8 Gy, although the proliferation rate became lower
with increasing dose of irradiation. The increasing dose
of irradiation significantly reduced DNA-synthesis (16
Gy decreased DNA-synthesis by 50%) which resulted in
a complete inhibition of cell proliferation. Analysis of
goblet cells also showed characteristic radiationdependent
elemental changes. Scanning electron
microscopical investigation of cells in culture revealed
that most of the control cells were flat and had rather
smooth cell membranes. Irradiation led to the
appearance of numerous different membrane
manifestations (microvilli of varying length and
distribution, and blebs). Frequency of differences in the
topology of the cells was related to the dose of
irradiation. Our study clearly demonstrates that even low
doses of irradiation cause changes in the ionic
composition of the cells and inhibit DNA-synthesis and
cell proliferation. The effects observed in the crypt cells
in vivo were the same as in the intestinal cell line i n
v i t ro, which indicates that IEC-6 cells can be used for
investigation of side effects of radiation to the abdomen
Clinical Update on Palonosetron in the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Near full-length clones and reference sequences for subtype C isolates of HIV type 1 from three different continents
Among the major circulating HIV-1 subtypes, subtype C is the most prevalent. To generate full-length subtype C clones and sequences, we selected 13 primary (PBMC-derived) isolates from Zambia, India, Tanzania, South Africa, Brazil, and China, which were identified as subtype C by partial sequence analysis. Near full-length viral genomes were amplified by using a long PCR technique, sequenced in their entirety, and phylogenetically analyzed. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed 10.2, 6.3, and 17.3% diversity in predicted Gag, Pol, and Env protein sequences. Ten of 13 viruses were nonmosaic subtype C genomes, while all three isolates from China represented B/C recombinants. One of them was composed primarily of subtype C sequences with three small subtype B portions in gag, pol, and nef genes. Two others exhibited these same mosaic regions, but contained two additional subtype B portions at the gag/pol overlap and in the accessory gene region, suggesting ongoing B/C recombination in China. All subtype C genomes contained a prematurely truncated second exon of rev, but other previously proposed subtype C signatures, including three potential NF-kappa B-binding sites in the viral promoter-enhancer regions, were found in only a subset of these genomes
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 7,8-dihydroxy-2,4-dimehyl Chromylium Perchlorate using Hirshfeld Surface Analysis
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