Determinants of livestock production development of smallholder farmers’

The study assessed determinants of livestock production development of smallholder farmers’ through identifying the constraints and opportunity to livestock production developments. The study adopted cross sectional survey design. The district was randomly selected from zones. A total of 99 respondents were selected from the kebele where by ten were female headed and 89 were male headed households. Descriptive statistics result showed that opportunities of livestock production development in the study area, availability of water, availability of market information, supply of improved breed, feed availability, credit services, veterinary services and mixed crop-livestock production system. Multiple linear regression analysis has been carried out to find out determinants of livestock production development of smallholder farmers’. The results of the multiple linear regression model showed that from a total of ten explanatory variables were included in the model, of which availability of grazing land, extension services, artificial insemination and veterinary service, availability of market information and education level were found to be statistically significant to livestock production development at 1%, and 5% significant level respectively.Keywords: Determinants, Livestock Production Development, Multiple Linear regressions Mode

GENDER AND CULTURE IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF GUJI-OROMO WOMEN'S CUSTOMARY RIGHTS

Anthropological research conducted from July 2005 to June 2006 in southern Ethiopia demonstrates that Guji-Oromo women have more subtle cultural and economic rights than is immediately apparent. Women actively participate in the ritual aspect of the gada generation grade system, but they are marginally involved in political activities. While customary laws provide women with strong protection from mistreatment by husbands and their clan members, several myths and legends portray them as ineffective for war, politics, and administration. Contrary to the myths and legends, women have continued to provide an important service to their society as links between communities and peace negotiators during and after conflicts. They also enjoy claims to family property in several indirect ways. With changes from pastoralism to agropastoralism, however, women lost some of these economic and customary legal rights and became subjected to more domestic and extra-domestic work burdens. To understand the position of Guji women in their society, myths and stories about men and women, gender-based division of labor, and the general discourses about gender are analyzed and discussed in this manuscript