Trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population in Brazilian Midwest capitals

<p></p><p>ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population of the capitals of the Brazilian Midwest region and the Federal District. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a population aged 20 to 59 years, using data from the Telephone-based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL), performed between 2008 and 2014. The estimates using the complex sampling design were made using simple linear regression, trend graphs and Boxplot. Results: The categories “poor” and “very poor” didn’t increase in the analyzed period. There was an average increase of 0.5 percentage point per year in the categories “fair” and “good” and an average decrease of 1.0 percentage point in the category “very good”. The trend analysis of mean body mass index found there was a progressive growth in all cities. The worst health perceptions showed higher values of body mass index in both sexes. We observed the existence of obese people assessing their health positively. Conclusion: Self-rated health remained relatively constant whereas the body mass index continued to grow between 2008 and 2014. The self-rated health of individuals with high body mass index (>30 kg/m2) does not seem to be directly related to their weight. Therefore, it is important to analyze the association of these two variables controlling for morbidity, health behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet), and sociodemographic factors.</p><p></p

The implantation of the Surveillance System for Non-communicable Diseases in Brazil, 2003 to 2015: successes and challenges

<p></p><p>ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the implantation of the Surveillance System for Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) and the challenges in maintaining it. Methods: A literature review was carried out the information contained in federal government directives between 2003 and 2015 was consulted. Results: A comprehensive risk and protection factor surveillance system was implemented. It is capable of producing information and providing evidence to monitor changes in the health behavior of the population. Among the advances cited are the organization of epidemiological surveys, such as the Surveillance System for Risk Factors and Protection for NCD (Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para DCNT - Vigitel), the National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE), and the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saude) from 2013, which enabled the most extensive health diagnosis of the Brazilian population. In 2011, the NCD National Plan 2011-2022 established targets for reducing risk factors and NCD mortality. Conclusion: The information gathered from the NCD surveillance system can support the implementation of sectoral and intersectorial strategies, which will result in the implementation of the Brazilian Strategic Action Plan for the prevention and control of NCDs, as well as the monitoring and evaluation of their results periodically. Finally, it can be a very important tool to help Brazil achieve the goals proposed by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Global Plan to Tackling NCDs.</p><p></p

Distribution of the 54,144 participants according to sociodemographic characteristics, VIGITEL 2011.

<p>VIGITEL: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey). 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%.</p>a<p> All analyses are weighted to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District in 2011.</p>b<p> The totals differ slightly from the full sample for variables which had do not know/did not reply as possible responses, as these responses were not included in the process of expanding responses in the sample to represent the total population.</p>c<p> BMI 25–29.9 kg/m².</p>d<p> BMI≥30 kg/m².</p><p>Distribution of the 54,144 participants according to sociodemographic characteristics, VIGITEL 2011.</p

Flow diagram showing the characterization of self-reported diabetes cases.

<p>Description of the diabetes questionnaire from VIGITEL 2011: It is presented the answers according to special diabetes questionnaire applied in the 2011 version of VIGITEL. The flow starts by the circle with the basic question “Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes?” and must follow the results according each answer provided. The left side presents the results for those who reported having diabetes and the right side for those not reporting a previous diagnosis of diabetes. Percents weighted so as to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District projected for the year 2011. VIGITEL: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey).</p

Prevalence of a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and prevalence ratio according to sociodemographic factors and nutritional status in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District.

<p>VIGITEL: Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (in English, Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey). 95% CI: Confidence Interval of 95%.</p><p>All analyses are weighted to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District in 2011.</p>a<p> Through Poisson regression with robust variance for all additional variables in the Table.</p>b<p> Compared with the Wald statistic to the value of the reference strata.</p>c<p> BMI 25–29.9 kg/m².</p>d<p> BMI≥30 kg/m².</p><p>VIGITEL 2011.</p><p>Prevalence of a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and prevalence ratio according to sociodemographic factors and nutritional status in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District.</p

Crude prevalence of self-reported diabetes in accordance with sociodemographic factors and nutritional status.

<p>Diabetes prevalence panel: A. Prevalence according age group. B. Prevalence according nutritional status. C. Prevalence according educational level. D. Prevalence according skin color/race. Data in the combined adult population of Brazilian capital cities and the Federal District, according VIGITEL 2011. Vertical bars depict the 95% confidence limits. Percents weighted so as to represent the adult population of Brazilian capitals and the Federal District projected for the year 2011.</p

Socioeconomic inequalities and changes in oral health behaviors among Brazilian adolescents from 2009 to 2012

<div><p>OBJECTIVE To analyze oral health behaviors changes over time in Brazilian adolescents concerning maternal educational inequalities.METHODS Data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar(Brazilian National School Health Survey) were analyzed. The sample was composed of 60,973 and 61,145 students from 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District in 2009 and 2012, respectively. The analyzed factors were oral health behaviors (toothbrushing frequency, sweets consumption, soft drink consumption, and cigarette experimentation) and sociodemographics (age, sex, race, type of school and maternal schooling). Oral health behaviors and sociodemographic factors in the two years were compared (Rao-Scott test) and relative and absolute measures of socioeconomic inequalities in health were estimated (slope index of inequality and relative concentration index), using maternal education as a socioeconomic indicator, expressed in number of years of study (> 11; 9-11; ≤ 8).RESULTS Results from 2012, when compared with those from 2009, for all maternal education categories, showed that the proportion of people with low toothbrushing frequency increased, and that consumption of sweets and soft drinks and cigarette experimentation decreased. In private schools, positive slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption in 2012 and higher cigarette experimentation in both years among students who reported greater maternal schooling, with no significant change in inequalities. In public schools, negative slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption among students who reported lower maternal schooling in both years, with no significant change overtime. The positive relative concentration index indicated inequality in 2009 for cigarette experimentation, with a higher prevalence among students who reported greater maternal schooling. There were no inequalities for toothbrushing frequency or sweets consumption.CONCLUSIONS There were changes in the prevalences of oral health behaviors during the analyzed period; however, these changes were not related to maternal education inequalities.</p></div

Mortality and years of life lost by colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil (1990–2015): Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>The aims of this study were to estimate all-cause and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost, investigated by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), due to colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil and in the states; to analyze the temporal trend of these estimates over 25 years (1990–2015) compared with global estimates and according to the socioeconomic status of states of Brazil.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) for Brazil, Brazilian states and global information were used. It was estimated the total number and the age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs for colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity in the years 1990 and 2015. We used the Socioeconomic Development Index (SDI).</p><p>Results</p><p>Physical inactivity was responsible for a substantial number of deaths (1990: 1,302; 2015: 119,351) and DALYs (1990: 31,121; 2015: 87,116) due to colorectal cancer in Brazil. From 1990 to 2015, the mortality and DALYs due to colorectal cancer attributable to physical inactivity increased in Brazil (0.6% and 0.6%, respectively) and decreased around the world (-0.8% and -1.1%, respectively). The Brazilian states with better socioeconomic indicators had higher rates of mortality and morbidity by colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity (p<0.01). Physical inactivity was responsible for deaths and DALYs due to colorectal cancer in Brazil.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Over 25 years, the Brazilian population showed more worrisome results than around the world. Actions to combat physical inactivity and greater cancer screening and treatment are urgent in the Brazilian states.</p></div

Relationship between age-standardized rate and DALYs from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity and sociodemographic index of the Brazilian states in 1990 and 2015 according to sex.

<p>Rho: Spearman's correlation coefficient; ** p <0.01.</p

Age-standardized DALYs (per 100,000 inhabitants) from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity in males and females in the Brazilian states.

<p>Age-standardized DALYs (per 100,000 inhabitants) from colorectal cancer due to physical inactivity in males and females in the Brazilian states.</p