Imaging and visualising nanometre scale surface geometry of a crystalline mineral (SiO2) in monochromatic spectra

Digital microphotography and image analysis is considered as an important tool in sedimentology and mineralogy for the assessment of physical characteristics at micro and nano level. In this paper the present authors attempted to apply digital imaging technique to visualise the surface geometry of Quartz at nanometre scale. For that purpose a quartz specimen was picked up from microphotography of a thick section of sediment layer and 1?m X 1 ?m base image was prepared for digital operation with sophisticated software. Reflectance capacity of the particle has been considered to measure the surface condition. An automated contour plotting was done from the base image. Surface condition was also analysed by reflective radiance measurement. Four images based on greyscale, black body law, pseudo colour composition and landscape were prepared for detailed assessment of quartz nanomorphology. A 3D image was also consulted for understanding the geometry of the surface of quartz

Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT: A review

Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) is a smart energy production system that incorporates solar PV panels as part of the roof, windows, facades and shading devices. When active heat recovery is combined with BIPV systems either in closed loop (like PV-T with liquid loop) or in an open loop with forced air they are known as building-integrated photovoltaic-thermal (BIPVT systems). This paper reviews the BIPV and BIPVT technology. The paper shows various technologies involved in BIPV and BIPVT as well as their function, cost and aesthetics. In addition a review of the application of BIPV and BIPVT installations is described. In comparison to BIPV systems, BIPVT system has significant benefits and potential for wide use in buildings. The building integrated photovoltaic-thermal system design (BIPVT) is also becoming popular among architects and design engineers

Geo-electrical mapping and groundwater potential zoning in some selected pockets of Baromura hill of Tripura (India)

Baromura hill of Tripura is characterised by complex geology and very rugged landform. Water scarcity is a very general problem for the remote hilly villages of this area. Thus groundwater is considered as one of the most valuable natural resources in hilly villages of Baromura hill. The present study aims to prepare small area survey based geo-electrical mapping for understanding groundwater condition in some selected pockets of the study area. For that purpose one hill slope and one trough shaped low land (locally known as lunga) was selected. Soil resistivity meter was used for electrical survey. A circle plot was prepared for geo-electrical survey on the basis of which geo-electrical maps were drawn. In the studied hill slope morphology four sectors of ground water conditions were observed according to their electrical resistivity character namely shallowest zone, medium zone, deep zone and very deep zone. The trough shaped low land (lunga) is characterised by comparatively shallower condition of groundwater and it was divided into five classes namely near surface water, very shallow zone, shallow zone, medium shallow zone and medium zone. Though the depth of the water bearing strata cannot be detected by this method it is very suitable for understanding the groundwater potential zones in remote places like present study area

Hybrid solar cell with TiO2 film: BBOT polymer and copper phthalocyanine as sensitizer

An organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell was fabricated using Titanium dioxide (TiO2): 2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl) thiophene (BBOT) film and Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) as a sensitizer. BBOT was used in photodetector in other reported research works, but as per best of our knowledge, it was not implemented in solar cells till date. The blend of TiO2: BBOT blend was used to fabricate the film on ITO-coated glass and further a thin layer of CuPc was coated on the film. This was acted as photoanode and another ITO coated glass with a platinum coating was used as a counter electrode (cathode). An optimal blend of acetonitrile (solvent) (50-100%), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide (10-25%), iodine (2.5-10%) and lithium iodide, pyridine derivative and thiocyanate was used as electrolytes in the hybrid solar cell. The different structural, optical and electrical characteristics were measured. The Hybrid solar cell showed a maximum conversion efficiency of 6.51%

The Minority Languages of Tripura with Special Reference to Kokborok Language: A Study on the Language Demography of Tripura, India

Linguistically, Tripura is a case of one dominant language and several minority languages. This study aims to identify the minority languages endemic to Tripura, with the objective of preserving and protecting the identified languages. The present study is based on the secondary data collected from the Census of India, 2011 and Ethnologue, 2024. The descriptive research method has been used to analyse the data. The study reveals that eight minority languages are enlisted by the Directorate of Kokborok and Other Minority Languages in Tripura. The eight languages are Kokborok, Manipuri, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Kuki-Mizo, Garo, Halam, Chakma and Mogh. Out of the eight minority languages enlisted by the said directorate of Tripura, Kokborok is the only language endemic to Tripura, and other minority languages have their language core areas outside the state. The core area of Kokborok is situated in Tripura, and the periphery areas are spread in the adjacent Indian states of Mizoram and Assam and Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh. However, the Kokborok language is a vulnerable minority language in its core area. The language speakers account for only 25.9 per cent of the total speakers in Tripura. Even after gaining official status on January 19, 1979, the Kokborok language is not widely used in educational institutions, official circulars, press, television, courts, and financial or social institutions, weakening language vitality. Therefore, considering the endemic character of the Kokborok language, meaning that the Kokborok language holds unique traits and adaptations to environmental conditions in the region, its minority status and low language vitality, the Kokborok language needs to be preserved and protected

CLOCK GATED ROUND ROBIN ARBITER FOR NOC ROUTER

Network on chip is now a day the choice of a processor designer for transfer of data in a packet based communication system as conventional bus based communication medium is not scalable with the increasing numbers of cores. In an NoC system, each core is connected to a local router and all the routers are connected via communication links. The routers as well as the communication links consume a significant amount of power which is a major concern in an NoC based system. This has led to the work that has been proposed in this paper. In this paper, we propose a low power NoC router based on the principle of clock gating technique by modifying the arbiter block of the router and compare the result with conventional Round-Robin arbiter. Here, the concept of clock-gating has been used to modify the router which has led to the reduction of dynamic power

Cognitive function in hypothyroid patients: a tertiary care-based cross-sectional study

Background: Estimation of cognitive impairment among hypothyroid individuals plays an important role in intervening in the disease progress at the earliest. The present study was conducted to measure the cognitive impairment in a hypothyroid state. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 sample of hypothyroid patients at Agartala Government Medical College Hospital from January to June 2024 using a case record form where pregnant state, acute illnesses, and co-morbidities were excluded. The General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition scale was used to measure the cognitive impairment. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used using SPSS vs 21.0. Results: Out of 260 cases of hypothyroidism, 32.7% have cognitive impairment. Only 16.9% of the subjects with sub-clinical states showed cognitive impairment but 58% of them with visible clinical manifestations showed cognitive impairment (p-value .001). The cognitive function was more impaired among males (51.8%) than females (28.0%) which is found to be statistically significant (p-value .004). Conclusions: The study concluded that every third person had cognitive impairment among hypothyroid patients. Clinical hypothyroidism, advance age, and males were associated with cognitive impairment. Newly diagnosed cases were found to show increased impairment

Incidence of intracranial haemorrhage in low-birth weight infants and its outcome: a hospital based prospective study

Background: Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most important neurological complications in low birth weight (LBW) infants, especially in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants during the neonatal period. The objectives of the present study was to determine the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage among the low birth weight infants (<2.5kg), to determine the outcome of intracranial hemorrhage among the low birth weight infants (<2.5 kg) and to establish the relationship between the birth weight and degree of intracranial hemorrhage.Methods: It is a prospective observational study. The study was conducted from November 2011- April 2013 in the neonatal unit, Department of pediatrics medicine in collaboration with Department of radio diagnosis in Agartala, Government Medical College and GBP Hospital, Agartala, India.Results: Out of 400 infants, 32 (8%) of infants were ≤1 kg and 177 (44.25%) were 2-2.5 kg. Infants who had normal delivery 213 (53.25%) and 37 (9.25%) had difficult in vaginal delivery. Incidence of ICH among low birth weight newborns was 29%.Incidence of intra-ventricular hemorrhage (IVH) among low birth weight newborns detected in the study was 19.5% (79 out of 400). Among different types of intracranial hemorrhage IVH comprises the larger part (68.1%). Regarding various grading (severity) of IVH, found the study were, grade I IVH 35.4%, grade II IVH-41.7%,grade III IVH- 16.4% and grade IV IVH -6.3%. There was a direct association between birth weight and ICH and significant (p=03) association was found especially in babies below 1 kg. Overall mortality rate among newborn following various types of ICH was found to be 22.4%. Regarding long outcome of attending follow up clinic for 10 months showed delayed developmental milestone 13%, 8.6% develop seizure disorder and 13% develop hydrocephalus and 21.7% develop early sign cerebral palsy.Conclusions: Low gestational age, specially <34 weeks, very low birth weight, male gender, difficult vaginal delivery, birth asphyxia, and hypothermia are risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage, specially intra-ventricular hemorrhage. For better evaluation of risk factors for ICH and its outcome, multicentric study should be performed with large number of simple and longer time period of follow up with the help of newer modalities of investigation