The Jewish Community Of Helena, Montana: 1866-1900

After moving to Helena in January 1971 I attended high school at Sunhaven School, now Capital High School. A tree-filled cemetery surrounded by a black iron fence is located adjacent to the schoo'lgrounds. This is the Home of Peace, the Jewish cemetery of Helena, Montana. The presence of this cemetery intrigued me. Who were these Jewish men and women? What did they do? Why did they come to Helena? Where were their descendants? Now, six years after my discovery of the cemetery, my curiosity regarding these men and women is somewhat satisfied. There is still a great deal of work to be done on the Jews of Helena as there is on Jewish life in the American west. But, hopefully, this thesis will answer some of the basic questions relating to one nineteenth-century Jewish community in the American west

A further analysis of the Verde River Watershed ecovalues: Working paper series--10-04

Located in central Arizona, the Verde River flows 170 miles through private property, state, tribal, and National Forest land. The river is the last remaining mostly free-flowing river in otherwise arid Arizona. The challenges facing the stakeholders of the river and its watershed are numerous and complex. The issues of population and industrial growth, drought and climate change all challenge the future of the watershed. As such it is necessary for the stakeholders of the watershed to gain an understanding of the importance (or lack thereof) of the watershed to their communities. Employing a data set created by West et al. (2009a and b), this study analyzes 35 interviews of stakeholders using a methodology developed by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2003). This study conducts a strategic environmental assessment by evaluating the open ended responses with regard to how the watershed services correspond to human well being. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first application of the MEA tool to link ecosystem services to human well being. The Verde River watershed provides much more value to society in terms of contributing to human well-being than simply a source for water. The access to water for a variety of uses is vitally important to the stakeholders within the watershed; however, myriad other aspects of the watershed are also very important to the same stakeholders. As the possible threats to the Verde River and its watershed increase at an increasing rate, the stakeholders need to address these threats

Analysis of prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in primary infections in the United Kingdom

Objectives: To identify changes since 1994 in the prevalence of resistance to anti-HIV drugs in primary HIV-1 infections in the United Kingdom. Design: Retrospective and prospective assessment of viruses obtained from people recently infected with HIV. Setting: Multiple centres (patients enrolled in the UK register of seroconverters) and a single large HIV clinic (active case ascertainment). Participants: 69 patients infected with HIV between June 1994 and August 2000. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of key mutations associated with drug resistance in the reverse transcriptase and protease genes of HIV-1, by year of infection. Results: Between June 1994 and August 2000, 10 (14%) of 69 newly infected patients had one or more key HIV-1 mutations associated with drug resistance. The risk of being infected with drug resistant virus increased over time (adjusted relative risk per year 1.74 (95% confidence interval 0.93 to 3.27), P=0.06). The estimated prevalence of drug resistance in those infected in 2000 was 27% (12% to 48%). Conclusions: Transmission of drug resistant HIV-1 in the United Kingdom seems to be increasing. New approaches to encourage safer sexual behaviour in all sectors of the population are urgently needed. What is already known on this topic: The emergence of HIV drug resistance in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy is common. Transmission of virus variants resistant to anti-HIV drugs has been documented. What this paper adds: The prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance in the United Kingdom is increasing, exceeding 20% in 2000. New approaches to encourage safer sexual behaviour are urgently needed

Valuing the Verde River Watershed: An Assessment: Working Paper Series--09-03

This valuation study is designed to be the first phase of a larger series of studies to value the ecosystem services of the Verde River and its watershed. Interviews were conducted with 35 anonymous community leaders who live in, work with, or manage some aspect of the watershed (or a combination of the three). The interviews resulted in a large list of values for the watershed and provide a starting point for more studies. This report includes preliminary analysis of the data collected from these interviews, a brief literature review on ecosystem services, and recommendations for future research

A Longitudinal Study Understanding Interpersonal Behavior Changes from Recreation Student to Professional

Personality instrument have been used in college classrooms to help students understand how their interpersonal behaviors will effect their professional work. This investigation assessed 1) how students majoring in commercial recreation have changed in personality over a five year time frame, from traditional college student to practicing professional and 2) which demographic variables have influenced these changes. Forty-six students completed a self-assessment personality inventory, Fundamental Interpersonal Relations OrientationBehavior (FIRO-B). Five years later, the same individuals completed the FIRO-B and demographic questionnaire. Twenty-six responded. The findings suggest a majority of students who changed in personality categories, however, these changes were not statistically significant. Additionally, demographic variables showed no relationship with the changes in personality. These findings indicate the use of personality assessments in undergraduate courses may be a predictor of interpersonal behavior in the professional setting and may be helpful in preparing students to understand their professional style

Fit Into College: A Program to Improve Physical Activity and Dietary Intake Lifestyles Among College Students

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 10-week program could improve physical activity, physical fitness, body weight, dietary intake, and perceptions of exercise and diet among college 30 healthy college freshmen. Outcomes were measured at baseline, and following the 10-week program. The weekly sessions incorporated constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change and were administered by fitness interns who were junior or senior college students enrolled in health-related majors. The participants presented with low physical activity, physical fitness, and poor dietary intake, and 50% were overweight/obese (BMI \u3e 25). Participants demonstrated gains in their physical fitness and their perceived benefits to engaging in exercise and decreased their perceived barriers to engaging in exercise and a healthy diet. College freshmen presented with low levels of physical activity, poor dietary intake, and excess body weight. A peer-administered program can improve these measures and favorably change perceptions of exercise and diet

Paleogeography of the Spieden Group, San Juan Islands, Washington

The Spieden Group in the San Juan Islands of Washington State consists of the Lower Cretaceous Sentinel Island Formation and the Upper Jurassic Spieden Bluff Formation. In order to constrain the location of its origin, paleomagnetism of the sedimentary rocks of the Spieden Group was studied to obtain paleolatitudes. Two components of magnetization were measured in most of the Sentinel Island Formation specimens. The second-removed component had a mean in-situ direction of D = 34.1°, I == 44. 2°, α95 = 12.0° and a mean tilt-corrected direction of D = 49.3°, I = 71.5°, α95 = 6.9°. Uncertainty that some of the scatter of directions was due to fault block rotation not corrected for during unfolding suggests inclination-only analysis may be appropriate; it yielded a tiltcorrected inclination of I = 64.0°, α95 = 7.9°. Three components of magnetization were extracted from most of the Spieden Bluff Formation specimens. The third-removed component had a mean in-situ direction of D = 82.5°, I = 82.0°, α95 = 23.0° and a mean tilt-corrected direction of D = 78.3°, I = 71.3°, α95 = 16.9°. Segregating directions according to how much a component contributed to the total remanence isolated characteristic components that were unfolded incrementally. The best clustered direction was from components that constituted 70-80% of NRM intensity and yielded a magnetic direction of D = 48.2°, I = 65.0°, α95 = 20.9°. The Cretaceous still-stand pole was used as a reference pole for the Cretaceous Sentinel Island Formation. The expected paleomagnetic direction calculated for the present position of the Sentinel Island Formation of D = 334.6°, I - 74.0° corresponds to a latitude of 60° N. This latitude contrasts with the paleolatitude best estimate of origin for the Sentinel Island Formation (derived from its 64° inclination) of 45.7° N latitude. The pole of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation was used as a reference pole for the Jurassic Spieden Bluff Formation. The expected paleomagnetic direction calculated for the Jurassic Spieden Bluff Formation of D = 327.4°, I = 65.3° corresponds to a latitude of 47° N, which is identical to the paleolatitude for the Spieden Bluff Formation derived from its 65° inclination

Effects of copper sprays on microbial communities in kiwifruit orchard soils

There has been a significant increase in the use of antimicrobial copper sprays on kiwifruit orchards in the Western Bay of Plenty (WBOP) since the first outbreak of the bacterial vine disease Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa-V) in 2010. Studies have revealed that an accumulation of copper in soil may adversely affect soil microorganisms, which are pivotal in essential soil functions such as nutrient assimilation. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the use of copper sprays on WBOP kiwifruit orchards has had detrimental effects on soil microorganisms and if this has resulted in changes to the structure of soil microbiological communities. Soil was sampled from ten WBOP kiwifruit orchards with varying levels of copper but with similar physicochemical properties. These included five sets of two adjacent orchards, of which one was organic and the other conventional, and for which data was available on soil copper levels for 2011. DNA extracted from each soil was amplified with PCR and sequenced using Ion Torrent Sequencing technology. The resulting bacterial and archaeal sequences were binned into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and the phylogeny of each was determined using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) Classifier. Soils were also analysed for a number of physicochemical properties including total, bioavailable and free ionic copper. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) were used to examine dissimilarities between microbial communities in relation to soil copper levels, management practices and other physicochemical variables. Indicator species analyses were conducted on OTU abundance data to determine if particular OTUs were indicative of soils with the lowest and highest copper levels. Community data were also compared using a number of measures of diversity. Differences in physicochemical parameters between soils were analysed for significance using ANOVA and t-tests. Results revealed that levels of total copper in soils have increased since 2011, with significant differences measured between each pair of orchards. Significant differences in soil microbial communities were also revealed, with pH identified as the main driver of community composition within and between orchards and differences between orchards were also largely explained by management practices. Relative abundances of Archaea were significantly higher in conventional orchards and in soils with the highest levels of copper. However, overall community dissimilarities were not found to be related to soil copper levels. Indicator species analysis revealed that soils with 60 mg kg-1 had a higher representation of Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi, and Thaumarchaeota. The conclusions of this research are that current copper levels in the study orchard soils have not significantly influenced soil microbial community composition and associated functions. However, the high number of influential variables confounded attempts at identifying differences due to copper alone. In addition, the lack of knowledge on the specific functions of individual taxa, make it very difficult to reveal the long-term implications of even subtle differences in community composition as a result of copper use

Penggunaan SGLT2-i Sebagai Inovasi Terapi Preventif Stroke Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

Diabetes merupakan faktor resiko stroke iskemik sebesar 2,5 kali dan 1,5 kali lipat menderita stroke hemoragik. Hal ini memicu meningkatnya angka mortalitas baik yang disebabkan oleh diabetes, stroke maupun diabetes yang berkomplikasi pada stroke. Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-i) diketahui dapat mengurangi permasalahan kardiovaskular pada diabetes sehingga penulis akan menelaah lebih lanjut mengenai mekanisme SGLT2-i terhadap vaskular yang dihubungkan terhadap stroke. Literature Review ini dilakukan dengan menelusuri artikel penelitian yang terdapat pada mesin pencarian. Mesin pencarian jurnal yang digunakan berupa PubMed dan Science Direct. Dari 551 artikel diidentifikasi berdasarkan judul, duplikasi, abstrak dan kesesuaian dengan kriteria inklusi dan dilaksanakan review untuk artikel terpilih. SGLT2-i memiliki mekanisme untuk menghambat progresivitas atheroma. Mekanisme yang terjadi berupa penurunan reaksi inflamasi sistemik, penurunan stress oksidatif, pengurangan ukuran ateroma hingga menjaga kestabilan plak ateroma. Oleh karena itu SGLT2-i merupakan kandidat terapi yang potensial dalam mengurangi risiko stroke pada pasien DMT2. SGLT2-i dapat digunakan sebagai inovasi terapi preventif untuk stroke pada pasien DMT2