Eutectic bonding of sapphire to sapphire

Eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide provides new bonding technique for sapphires and rubies. Technique effectively reduces possibility of contamination. Bonding material is aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide mixture that matches coefficient of thermal expansion of sapphire

Bonding of sapphire to sapphire by eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide

Bonding of an element comprising sapphire, ruby or blue sapphire to another element of such material with a eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide is discussed. The bonding mixture may be applied in the form of a distilled water slurry or by electron beam vapor deposition. In one embodiment the eutectic is formed in situ by applying a layer of zirconium oxide and then heating the assembly to a temperature above the eutectic temperature and below the melting point of the material from which the elements are formed. The formation of a sapphire rubidium maser cell utilizing eutectic bonding is shown

Bonding of sapphire to sapphire by eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide

An element comprising sapphire, ruby or blue sapphire can be bonded to another element of such material with a eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. The bonding mixture may be applied in the form of a distilled water slurry or by electron beam vapor deposition. In one embodiment the eutectic is formed in situ by applying a layer of zirconium oxide and then heating the assembly to a temperature above the eutectic temperature and below the melting point of the material from which the elements are formed. The formation of a sapphire rubidium maser cell utilizing eutectic bonding is shown

Segmented superconducting magnet for a broadband traveling wave maser Patent

Segmented superconducting magnet producing staggered magnetic field and suitable for broadband traveling wave maser

Moche Juvenile Burial Patterns

This thesis examines Moche juvenile burial patterns as documented in the published literature. Reports of cemeteries and other burial excavations were compiled in order to identify the position of children in Moche society as well as ideology surrounding children and childhood. The data collected spans six valleys and fourteen archaeological sites along the north coast of Peru. This investigation revealed 191 juvenile burials dating from A.D. 200 – 850. The variables documented for each burial include site, period, age, sex, burial position, orientation, burial encasing, and description of grave goods, as well as documenting adult individuals buried with juveniles. This analysis demonstrates the Moche did have a concept of childhood and treated children differently than adults in mortuary practices. The juveniles documented in this study were active participants in a complex society and contributed to the economy, religion, and politics. While the conclusions to this thesis are ambiguous, they demonstrate that there is much more to be learned about Moche society by studying juvenile burials

Faculty acceptance of special education teachers and successful mainstreaming programs : implications for staff development.

Statement of problem. Mainstreaming requires communication and collaboration between regular classroom teachers and special education teachers. In communicating, these teachers bring preconceived perceptions/attitudes of one another with them. Attitudes are emotionally charged ideas that lend predictability to our personalities and help us adjust to our environment. The understanding of perceptions is a first step in helping groups to accept one another. What is the relationship between mainstreaming and the acceptance of special teachers by other faculty members? There is a dearth of research in the area of attitudes/acceptance of special teachers by other teachers. This exploratory study closely examines this first step in the mainstreaming process. Methodology. Two sets of surveys were developed which assessed the relationship between successful mainstreaming and faculty acceptance of special education teachers. Twenty-three teachers from four elementary schools completed these surveys. Correlational research methods were used to compare variables between the surveys. Findings. It was found that more positive social acceptance/relationships between regular teachers and special teachers were associated with: (1) More positive attitudes toward special children. (2) More positive feelings on the part of regular teachers about the method in which they were selected for mainstreaming. (3) Better preparation of regular teachers for mainstreaming. (4) Higher levels of communication between these two groups of teachers. (5) More positive attitudes toward special education. Regular teachers reported that although they felt positively about the way they were selected for mainstreaming, they had negative attitudes toward their special students. High visibility of special teachers was associated with more success for mainstreamed students, more social acceptance, and more openness toward special children. Regular teachers with more special education credits were more positive about mainstreaming. However, regular classroom teachers with regular education credits earned beyond their master\u27s degree had more negative attitudes toward special children. Conclusions. The findings of this study raise some significant issues including negative attitudes toward special children, poor communication and social acceptance between special teachers and regular teachers, lack of preparation, and a feeling of uncomfortableness in teaching special children. A staff development project addressing these issues is presented

Decoupling Neoliberal Ideologies with American Governance and Civics

Lasting neoliberal ideologies that emerged from the Reagan era have set a precedent for how American society is to understand itself in relation to American governance and economics. At its core, neoliberalism is rooted in the belief of free markets, laissez-faire economics, and federal deregulation. Using moral egoism as its grounding normative ethic and federal deregulation as its means of achieving its goal, this economic approach fails to account for our governments ability to protect the well being and needs of citizens. Furthermore, neoliberalism completely disregards the need for ecological health and stagnates our ability to mitigate the effects of climate change

The Hu Syndrome: At the Intersection of Cancer and Autoimmunity

Paraneoplastic neurologic diseases (PNDs) arise when systemic malignancies express proteins normally restricted to neurons. Abnormal expression of a neuronal protein by tumor cells in the periphery results in an autoimmune response that then targets both the tumor and the nervous system. These diseases offer a unique opportunity to gain insight into the mechanisms behind both tumor immunity and neuronal autoimmunity. The Hu syndrome is an example of PND that affects patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Hu patients are diagnosed by the presence of antibodies in the blood that recognize the HuD antigen. HuD is normally restricted in expression to neurons of both the peripheral and central nervous systems, but ectopically expressed by SCLCs. Despite its expression in virtually all SCLCs, only a small fraction of SCLC patients go on to develop neurologic disease. These patients mount an impressive immune response to their cancer that results in remarkable tumor immunity to this typically aggressive malignancy. Although antibodies to HuD are important diagnostic criteria for the disease, they are not sufficient for disease pathogenesis. Because HuD is an intracellular protein, CD8 T cells are more prone to mediate the destruction of HuD-expressing SCLC cells and neurons. We previously demonstrated that patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), another form of PND, harbor CD8 T cells specific for the onconeural antigen Cdr-2, suggesting that CD8 T cells mediate tumor immunity and neuronal degeneration in these patients. To study the CD8 T cell response to HuD, we performed an exhaustive screen of the entire HuD peptide library to identify the immunodominant murine CD8 T cell epitope of the protein. We showed that mice are peripherally tolerized to this neuron-specific protein, which could help to explain why most SCLC patients remain neurologically intact despite tumor expression of HuD. In addition, HuD-specific CD8 T cells were able to traffic to the central nervous system in an adoptive transfer model, however these cells were not sufficient to induce neurologic degeneration. To translate these results to the clinic, we screened the HuD peptide library over 8 human MHC I alleles in order to define HLA-restricted epitopes of the protein. This lead to the discovery of two human CD8 Tcell epitopes of HuD. Using tetramers specific for these HLA-restricted epitopes, we demonstrated that patients with the Hu syndrome harbor cytotoxic HuD-specific CD8 T cells in their blood. By combining our results from the clinic with the mouse system we are closer to understanding how the immune system is able to mediate both tumor immunity and neuronal degeneration in patients with the Hu syndrome

On the effects of Cosmions upon the structure and evolution of very low mass stars

A number of recent studies have suggested that cosmions, or WIMPS, may play an important role in the energetics of the solar interior; in particular, it has been argued that these hypothetical particles may transport sufficient energy within the nuclear-burning solar core so as to depress the solar core temperature to the point of resolving the solar neutrino problem. Solutions to the solar neutrino problem have proven themselves to be quite nonunique, so that it is of some interest whether the cosmion solution can be tested in some independent manner. It is argued that if cosmions solve the solar neutrino problem, then they must also play an important role in the evolution of low mass main sequence stars; and, second, that if they do so, then a simple (long mean free path) model for the interaction of cosmions with baryons leads to changes in the structure of the nuclear-burning core which may be in principal observable. Such changes include suppression of a fully-convective core in very low mass main sequence stars; and a possible thermal runaway in the core of the nuclear burning region. Some of these changes may be directly observable, and hence may provide independent constraints on the properties of the cosmions required to solve the solar neutrino problem, perhaps even ruling them out

StemNet: An Evolving Service for Knowledge Networking in the Life Sciences

Up until now, crucial life science information resources, whether bibliographic or factual databases, are isolated from each other. Moreover, semantic metadata intended to structure their contents is supplied in a manual form only. In the StemNet project we aim at developing a framework for semantic interoperability for these resources. This will facilitate the extraction of relevant information from textual sources and the generation of semantic metadata in a fully automatic manner. In this way, (from a computational perspective) unstructured life science documents are linked to structured biological fact databases, in particular to the identifiers of genes, proteins, etc. Thus, life scientists will be able to seamlessly access information from a homogeneous platform, despite the fact that the original information was unlinked and scattered over the whole variety of heterogeneous life science information resources and, therefore, almost inaccessible for integrated systematic search by academic, clinical, or industrial users