7,738 research outputs found
FIJICLIM description and users guide
The FIJICLIM prototype is based on PACCLIM which was developed by the International Global Change Institute (IGCI) as part of the Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme (PICCAP) executed by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).
Both FIJICLIM and PACCLIM build directly on a comparable model development for New Zealand, known as the CLIMPACTS system (Kenny et al., 1995, 1999; Warrick et al., 1996, 1999). The development of CLIMPACTS has been funded by the Foundation for Research Science and Technology since 1993. Its core components, which include a graphic user interface (GUI), a customised geographic information system (GIS), and data compression routines, have provided the basis for the development of FIJICLIM. The development of FIJICLIM is complementary to similar developments that have evolved from CLIMPACTS, for Bangladesh (BDCLIM), Australia (OZCLIM), and for training in climate change V&A assessment (VANDACLIM)
Hotspots: Modelling capacity for vector-borne disease risk analysis in New Zealand: A case study of Ochlerotatus camptorhynchus incursions in New Zealand
This Hotspots case study of Oc. camptorhynchus in New Zealand forms part of the wider aims and
objectives of the Hotspots project. The overall aims of the case study were:
1. To evaluate the performance of the Hotspots model as a risk analysis tool for Oc.
camptorhynchus;
2. To use and learn from the experience of the various incursions of Oc. camptorhynchus in
order to critically assess and improve the model;
3. To gain experience in using the model for risk analysis for Oc. camptorhynchus in
particular, and in so doing, also develop experience applicable to risk analysis for other
vectors of concern (Table 1); and,
4. To develop an experience and knowledge base as well as guidelines for future use of the
model in its various applications related to biosecurity, surveillance and risk assessment
and management
Hotspots: Exotic mosquito risk profiles for New Zealand
This document reports the main findings of the first systematic, spatial analyses of risks
to New Zealand associated with exotic mosquitoes of current public health concern
A Model or 603 Exemplars: Towards Memory-Efficient Class-Incremental Learning
Real-world applications require the classification model to adapt to new
classes without forgetting old ones. Correspondingly, Class-Incremental
Learning (CIL) aims to train a model with limited memory size to meet this
requirement. Typical CIL methods tend to save representative exemplars from
former classes to resist forgetting, while recent works find that storing
models from history can substantially boost the performance. However, the
stored models are not counted into the memory budget, which implicitly results
in unfair comparisons. We find that when counting the model size into the total
budget and comparing methods with aligned memory size, saving models do not
consistently work, especially for the case with limited memory budgets. As a
result, we need to holistically evaluate different CIL methods at different
memory scales and simultaneously consider accuracy and memory size for
measurement. On the other hand, we dive deeply into the construction of the
memory buffer for memory efficiency. By analyzing the effect of different
layers in the network, we find that shallow and deep layers have different
characteristics in CIL. Motivated by this, we propose a simple yet effective
baseline, denoted as MEMO for Memory-efficient Expandable MOdel. MEMO extends
specialized layers based on the shared generalized representations, efficiently
extracting diverse representations with modest cost and maintaining
representative exemplars. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets validate
MEMO's competitive performance. Code is available at:
https://github.com/wangkiw/ICLR23-MEMOComment: Accepted to ICLR 2023 as a Spotlight Presentation. Code is available
at: https://github.com/wangkiw/ICLR23-MEM
Accurate simulation of ice and snow runoff for the mountainous terrain of the Kunlun Mountains, China
While mountain runoff provides great potential for the development and life quality of downstream populations, it also frequently causes seasonal disasters. The accurate modeling of hydrological processes in mountainous areas, as well as the amount of meltwater from ice and snow, is of great significance for the local sustainable development, hydropower regulations, and disaster prevention. In this study, an improved model, the Soil Water Assessment Tool with added ice-melt module (SWATAI) was developed based on the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a semi-distributed hydrological model, to simulate ice and snow runoff. A temperature condition used to determine precipitation types has been added in the SWATAI model, along with an elevation threshold and an accumulative daily temperature threshold for ice melt, making it more consistent with the runoff process of ice and snow. As a supplementary reference, the comparison between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the quantity of meltwater were conducted to verify the simulation results and assess the impact of meltwater on the ecology. Through these modifications, the accuracy of the daily flow simulation results has been considerably improved, and the contribution rate of ice and snow melt to the river discharge calculated by the model increased by 18.73%. The simulation comparison of the flooding process revealed that the accuracy of the simulated peak flood value by the SWATAI was 77.65% higher than that of the SWAT, and the temporal accuracy was 82.93% higher. The correlation between the meltwater calculated by the SWATAI and the NDVI has also improved significantly. This improved model could simulate the flooding processes with high temporal resolution in alpine regions. The simulation results could provide technical support for economic benefits and reasonable reference for flood prevention
Broadband enhanced transmission through the stacked metallic multi-layers perforated with coaxial annular apertures
This paper theoretically and experimentally presents a first report on
broadband enhanced transmission through stacked metallic multi-layers
perforated with coaxial annular apertures (CAAs). Different from previous
studies on extraordinary transmission that occurs at a single frequency, the
enhanced transmission of our system with two or three metallic layers can span
a wide frequency range with a bandwidth about 60% of the central frequency. The
phenomena arise from the excitation and hybridization of guided resonance modes
in CAAs among different layers. Measured transmission spectra are in good
agreement with calculations semi-analytically resolved by modal expansion
method.Comment: 9 pages,4 figure
Few-Shot Learning with a Strong Teacher
Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to train a strong classifier using limited
labeled examples. Many existing works take the meta-learning approach, sampling
few-shot tasks in turn and optimizing the few-shot learner's performance on
classifying the query examples. In this paper, we point out two potential
weaknesses of this approach. First, the sampled query examples may not provide
sufficient supervision for the few-shot learner. Second, the effectiveness of
meta-learning diminishes sharply with increasing shots (i.e., the number of
training examples per class). To resolve these issues, we propose a novel
objective to directly train the few-shot learner to perform like a strong
classifier. Concretely, we associate each sampled few-shot task with a strong
classifier, which is learned with ample labeled examples. The strong classifier
has a better generalization ability and we use it to supervise the few-shot
learner. We present an efficient way to construct the strong classifier, making
our proposed objective an easily plug-and-play term to existing meta-learning
based FSL methods. We validate our approach in combinations with many
representative meta-learning methods. On several benchmark datasets including
miniImageNet and tiredImageNet, our approach leads to a notable improvement
across a variety of tasks. More importantly, with our approach, meta-learning
based FSL methods can consistently outperform non-meta-learning based ones,
even in a many-shot setting, greatly strengthening their applicability
Contextualizing Multiple Tasks via Learning to Decompose
One single instance could possess multiple portraits and reveal diverse
relationships with others according to different contexts. Those ambiguities
increase the difficulty of learning a generalizable model when there exists one
concept or mixed concepts in a task. We propose a general approach Learning to
Decompose Network (LeadNet) for both two cases, which contextualizes a model
through meta-learning multiple maps for concepts discovery -- the
representations of instances are decomposed and adapted conditioned on the
contexts. Through taking a holistic view over multiple latent components over
instances in a sampled pseudo task, LeadNet learns to automatically select the
right concept via incorporating those rich semantics inside and between
objects. LeadNet demonstrates its superiority in various applications,
including exploring multiple views of confusing tasks, out-of-distribution
recognition, and few-shot image classification
Identifying and Compensating for Feature Deviation in Imbalanced Deep Learning
We investigate learning a ConvNet classifier with class-imbalanced data. We
found that a ConvNet significantly over-fits the minor classes that do not have
sufficient training instances, which is quite opposite to a traditional machine
learning model like logistic regression that often under-fits minor classes. We
conduct a series of analysis and argue that feature deviation between the
training and test instances serves as the main cause. We propose to incorporate
class-dependent temperatures (CDT) in learning a ConvNet: CDT forces the
minor-class instances to have larger decision values in the training phase, so
as to compensate for the effect of feature deviation in the test data. We
validate our approach on several benchmark datasets and achieve promising
performance. We hope that our insights can inspire new ways of thinking in
resolving class-imbalanced deep learning
PILOT: A Pre-Trained Model-Based Continual Learning Toolbox
While traditional machine learning can effectively tackle a wide range of
problems, it primarily operates within a closed-world setting, which presents
limitations when dealing with streaming data. As a solution, incremental
learning emerges to address real-world scenarios involving new data's arrival.
Recently, pre-training has made significant advancements and garnered the
attention of numerous researchers. The strong performance of these pre-trained
models (PTMs) presents a promising avenue for developing continual learning
algorithms that can effectively adapt to real-world scenarios. Consequently,
exploring the utilization of PTMs in incremental learning has become essential.
This paper introduces a pre-trained model-based continual learning toolbox
known as PILOT. On the one hand, PILOT implements some state-of-the-art
class-incremental learning algorithms based on pre-trained models, such as L2P,
DualPrompt, and CODA-Prompt. On the other hand, PILOT also fits typical
class-incremental learning algorithms (e.g., DER, FOSTER, and MEMO) within the
context of pre-trained models to evaluate their effectiveness.Comment: Code is available at https://github.com/sun-hailong/LAMDA-PILO
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