The disastrous storm of 4 November 1966 on Italy

International audienceThis is the first modeling reconstruction of the whole aspects (both meteorological and oceanographic) of the storm which hit Italy on 4 November 1966, producing 118 victims and widespread damages in Tuscany, at the northern Adriatic coast and in the north-eastern Italian Alps. The storm was produced by a cyclone which formed in the western Mediterranean and moved eastward towards Italy, reaching the Thyrrenian Sea, and then northward. The most peculiar characteristic of the storm has been the strong zonal pressure gradient and the consequent intensity and long fetch of the south-easterly sirocco wind, which advected a large amount of warm moist air, and determined exceptional orographic precipitation over Tuscany and the north-eastern Alps. The funneling of the wind between the mountain chains surrounding the Adriatic basin further increased the wind speed and determined the highest ever recorded storm surge along the Venetian coast. This study shows that present models would be able to produce a reasonably accurate simulation of the meteorological event (surface pressure, wind and precipitation fields, and storm surge level). The exceptional intensity of the event is not suggested by single parameters such as the sea level pressure minimum, the wind speed or the total accumulated precipitation. In fact, the precipitation was extreme only in some locations and the pressure minimum was not particularly deep. Moreover, the prediction of the damages produced by the river run-off and landslides would have required other informations concerning soil condition, snow coverage, and storage of water reservoirs before the event. This indicates that an integrated approach is required for assessing the probability of such damages both on a weather forecast and on a climate change perspective

The effect of the boundary conditions on the simulation of the 4 November 1966 storm over Italy

This study analyses the extreme event which took place on 4 November 1966, when a storm produced intense and persistent precipitation over northern and central Italy and an extreme surge in the northern Adriatic Sea, causing casualties and huge damages. Numerical simulations with a regional atmospheric model have been performed to reconstruct the phenomenology of the event. Results have been compared with observations. This study shows that the choice of the global fields for initial and boundary conditions is crucial for the quality of the reconstruction. The simulation is reasonably accurate if they are extracted from the NCEP re-analysis, while it is not satisfactory if ERA-40 data are used, though fields have a higher resolution in the ERA-40 than in the NCEP set of data. The internal physics of the model plays a smaller role in the reproduction of the dynamics of the event

WFPC2 Observations of the Hubble Deep Field-South

The Hubble Deep Field-South observations targeted a high-galactic-latitude field near QSO J2233-606. We present WFPC2 observations of the field in four wide bandpasses centered at roughly 300, 450, 606, and 814 nm. Observations, data reduction procedures, and noise properties of the final images are discussed in detail. A catalog of sources is presented, and the number counts and color distributions of the galaxies are compared to a new catalog of the HDF-N that has been constructed in an identical manner. The two fields are qualitatively similar, with the galaxy number counts for the two fields agreeing to within 20%. The HDF-S has more candidate Lyman-break galaxies at z > 2 than the HDF-N. The star-formation rate per unit volume computed from the HDF-S, based on the UV luminosity of high-redshift candidates, is a factor of 1.9 higher than from the HDF-N at z ~ 2.7, and a factor of 1.3 higher at z ~ 4.Comment: 93 pages, 25 figures; contains very long table

Mediterranean cyclones and windstorms in a changing climate

Changes in the frequency and intensity of cyclones and associated windstorms affecting the Medi-terranean region simulated under enhanced Greenhouse Gas forcing conditions are investigated. The analysis is based on 7 climate model integrations performed with two coupled global models (ECHAM5 MPIOM and INGV CMCC), comparing the end of the twentieth century and at least the first half of the twenty-first century. As one of the models has a considerably enhanced resolution of the atmosphere and the ocean, it is also investigated whether the climate change signals are influenced by the model resolution. While the higher resolved simulation is closer to reanalysis climatology, both in terms of cyclones and windstorm distributions, there is no evidence for an influence of the resolution on the sign of the climate change signal. All model simulations show a reduction in the total number of cyclones crossing the Mediterranean region under climate change conditions. Exceptions are Morocco and the Levant region, where the models predict an increase in the number of cyclones. The reduction is especially strong for intense cyclones in terms of their Laplacian of pressure. The influence of the simulated positive shift in the NAO Index on the cyclone decrease is restricted to the Western Mediterranean region, where it explains 10–50 % of the simulated trend, depending on the individual simulation. With respect to windstorms, decreases are simulated over most of the Mediterranean basin. This overall reduction is due to a decrease in the number of events associated with local cyclones, while the number of events associated with cyclones outside of the Mediterranean region slightly increases. These systems are, however, less intense in terms of their integrated severity over the Mediterranean area, as they mostly affect the fringes of the region. In spite of the general reduction in total numbers, several cyclones and windstorms of intensity unknown under current climate conditions are identified for the scenario simulations. For these events, no common trend exists in the individual simulations. Thus, they may rather be attributed to long-term (e.g. decadal) variability than to the Greenhouse Gas forcing. Nevertheless, the result indicates that high-impact weather systems will remain an important risk in the Mediterranean Basin

Modeling Insertional Mutagenesis Using Gene Length and Expression in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

Background. High-throughput mutagenesis of the mammalian genome is a powerful means to facilitate analysis of gene function. Gene trapping in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is the most widely used form of insertional mutagenesis in mammals. However, the rules governing its efficiency are not fully understood, and the effects of vector design on the likelihood of genetrapping events have not been tested on a genome-wide scale. Methodology/Principal Findings. In this study, we used public gene-trap data to model gene-trap likelihood. Using the association of gene length and gene expression with gene-trap likelihood, we constructed spline-based regression models that characterize which genes are susceptible and which genes are resistant to gene-trapping techniques. We report results for three classes of gene-trap vectors, showing that both length and expression are significant determinants of trap likelihood for all vectors. Using our models, we also quantitatively identifie

Hochdurchsatzmutagenese von sezernierten und membranständigen Proteinen in Maus-embryonalen Stammzellen.

In allen bislang durchgeführten Experimenten zur Mutagenese von embryonalen Stammzellen war auffällig, dass Gene, die für sekretierte oder membranständige Proteine kodieren, stark unterrepräsentiert waren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Genfallen untersucht, die speziell diese Gene mutieren sollten. Als Selektionskassetten tragen beide Genfallen den 5' Bereich des humanen CD2, der eine kryptische Spleißakzeptorsequenz enthält und für eine Transmembrandomäne kodiert, als Fusion mit der bakteriellen Neomycinphosphotransferase. U3Ceo trägt diese Kassette als klassische retrovirale Genfalle im LTR des Mouse Molony Leukemia Virus, wogegen die ebenfalls retrovirale FlipRosaCeo Genfalle die Selektionskassette im Viruskörper enthält. Diese wird von Rekombinaseerkennungssequenzen flankiert, welche eine konditionale Aktivierung der Mutation für die spätere Analyse in einem Mausmodell ermöglichen. Beide Genfallen zeigten mit ca. 80% aller Integrationen eine hohe Spezifität für Gene, die für sezernierte und membranständige Proteine kodieren. Allerdings war die Frequenz für Insertionen in sogenannte „hot spots“ bei beiden Genfallen aufgrund der geringeren Zahl an Zielgenen höher als bei anderen im GGTC verwendeten Genfallen (z.B. FlipRosabetageo). Innerhalb dieser „hot spots“ zeigte sich die bekannte Präferenz retroviraler Genfallenvektoren, in das 5’ Ende von Genen zu integrieren, wobei hier meist die größten Introns zu finden sind. Ebenso zeigte sich für die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten sekretorischen Genfallen genau wie bei anderen bekannten Genfallen eine bevorzugte Integration in Chromosomen mit einer hohen Gendichte. Die Funktionalität der konditionalen Genfalle konnte in vitro sowohl in Prokaryoten als auch in Eukaryoten durch Einbringen der Genfalle und der jeweiligen Rekombinasen bestätigt werden. In ES Zellen, die eine X-chomosomale Integration aufwiesen, wurde der Mechanismus durch transiente Expression der Rekombinasen in Klonen überprüft. Hierbei stellte sich heraus, dass das Wildtyptranskript eines mutierten Gens nach der einmaligen Rekombination der FlipRosaCeo wieder exprimiert wird und nicht durch die auf dem Gegenstrang befindliche Genfalle beeinflusst wird. Nach einer weiteren Rekombination mittels FLPe konnte der mutagene Ausgangszustand der Genfalle wieder hergestellt werden. Die Mutagenität der beiden Genfallen wurde durch Überprüfung der Konzentration der restlichen endogenen Transkripts der mutierten Gene per quantitativer PCR an X-chromosomalen Klonen analysiert. Hier konnte bei etwa 80% der untersuchten Klone eine sehr starke Mutation des jeweils getroffenen Gens festgestellt werden. Zur in vivo Überprüfung der U3Ceo Genfalle wurde ein Mausmodell durch Blastozysteninjektion des ES Zellklons M076C04 generiert. Die Integration der Genfalle in das erste Intron des Gens C030019F02Rik sollte eine deutliche Verkürzung des membranständigen Genproduktes bewirken. In Gehirnen von homozygoten Mäusen konnte die Expression des Wildtyptranskripts nicht mehr festgestellt werden, so dass diese Mauslinie eine Nullmutation des Gens trägt. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchte KO Maus zeigte bisher keinen feststellbaren Phänotyp, obwohl das Genprodukt in vielen Spezies hoch konserviert vorliegt und auch nur in bestimmten Bereichen im Organismus nachweisbar ist, so dass eine wichtige Funktion des Proteins anzunehmen ist. Eine weitere Analyse dieser Mauslinie wird sich dieser Arbeit anschließen

The disastrous storm of 4 November 1966 in Italy.

Abstract. This is the first modeling reconstruction of the whole aspects (both meteorological and oceanographic) of the storm which hit Italy on 4 November 1966, producing 118 victims and widespread damages in Tuscany, at the northern Adriatic coast and in the north-eastern Italian Alps. The storm was produced by a cyclone which formed in the western Mediterranean and moved eastward towards Italy, reaching the Thyrrenian Sea, and then northward. The most peculiar characteristic of the storm has been the strong zonal pressure gradient and the consequent intensity and long fetch of the south-easterly sirocco wind, which advected a large amount of warm moist air, and determined exceptional orographic precipitation over Tuscany and the north-eastern Alps. The funneling of the wind between the mountain chains surrounding the Adriatic basin further increased the wind speed and determined the highest ever recorded storm surge along the Venetian coast. This study shows that present models would be able to produce a reasonably accurate simulation of the meteorological event (surface pressure, wind and precipitation fields, and storm surge level). The exceptional intensity of the event is not suggested by single parameters such as the sea level pressure minimum, the wind speed or the total accumulated precipitation. In fact, the precipitation was extreme only in some locations and the pressure minimum was not particularly deep. Moreover, the prediction of the damages produced by the river run-off and landslides would have required other informations concerning soil condition, snow coverage, and storage of water reservoirs before the event. This indicates that an integrated approach is required for assessing the probability of such damages both on a weather forecast and on a climate change perspectiv