Legal Protection of Prenatal Life, with particular relevance in the Spanish Constitutional Law

El tema de la Protección Jurídica de la Vida Prenatal actualmente tropieza con grandes atentados, uno de ellos lo constituye la pérdida de valor que se le da a la vida humana en los primeros estadios, surgiendo terminologías reduccionistas de la Persona como es el caso del “pre embrión”; dándose así luz verde a los ensayos y manipulaciones genéticas, bajo el fundamento que lo que se está manipulando no son seres humanos sino material biológico. Esta mentalidad no sólo afecta a la biología y a la medicina, sino que ha sido y es aceptada por algunos ordenamientos jurídicos, como es el caso de España. Con éste trabajo me propongo realizar un análisis de la Protección Jurídica de la vida prenatal, con especial relevancia en el Derecho Constitucional Español. Para ello, partiré de la jurisprudencia sentada por el Tribunal Constitucional Español en la conocida Sentencia 53/1985, del 11 de abril de 1985, además del análisis de la actual Ley de Técnicas de Reproducción Asistida en España Ley 14/2006, así como de las Leyes que le precedieron: La Ley 35/1988, del 22 de noviembre, sobre Técnicas de Reproducción Asistida y la Ley 42/1988, de 28 de diciembre, sobre Donación y Utilización de Embriones o Fetos Humanos o de sus Células, Tejidos u Órganos. De igual forma tendré en cuenta los recursos de inconstitucionalidad presentados contra dichas leyes y resueltos a través de las SSTC 116/1999, de 17 de junio y 212/1996, de 19 de diciembre, respectivamente, que los estimaron de modo parcial.Abstract : The subject of Legal Protection of Prenatal Life at the moment encounters great attacks, one of them being the loss of value that should be given to human life in the first stages, arising to reductionist terminologies about the Person as is the case of the " Pre embryo"; which allows tests and genetic manipulations, under the foundation that what it is being manipulated is not a human being but bacteriological agents. This mentality does not only affect Biology and Medicine, but has been and is accepted by some legal orderings, as is the case of Spain. In this paper, an analysis of the Legal Protection of prenatal life will be made, with spec ial relevance in the Spanish Constitutional Right. To achieve this, I will start from the jurisprudence seated by the Spanish Constitutional Court in the well-known Sentence 53/1985, of April 11, 1985, in addition to the analysis of the present Law of Techniques of Assisted Reproduction in Spain, Law 14/2006, as well as of the Laws that preceded it: Law 35/1988, of November 22, on Techniques of Assisted Reproduction and Law 42/1988, of December 28, on Donation and Use of Embryos or Human Fetuses or their Cells, Weaves or Organs. Similarly I will consider the submissions of unconstitutionality presented against these laws and solved submissionss of unconstitutionality through SSTC 116/1999, of June 17 and 212/1996, December 19, respectively, that considered them in a partial way

Crystal structure and physical properties of EuPtIn4_{4} intermetallic antiferromagnet

We report the synthesis of EuPtIn$_{4}$ single crystalline platelets by the In-flux technique. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm structure with lattice parameters $a=4.542(1)$ \AA, $b=16.955(2)$ \AA$\,$ and $c=7.389(1)$ \AA. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, electrical resistivity, and electron spin resonance (ESR) reveal that EuPtIn$_{4}$ is a metallic Curie-Weiss paramagnet at high temperatures and presents antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering below $T_{N}=13.3$ K. In addition, we observe a successive anomaly at $T^{*} = 12.6$ K and a spin-flop transition at $H_{c} \sim 2.5$ T applied along the $ac$-plane. In the paramagnetic state, a single Eu$^{2+}$ Dysonian ESR line with a Korringa relaxation rate of $b = 4.1(2)$ Oe/K is observed. Interestingly, even at high temperatures, both ESR linewidth and electrical resistivity reveal a similar anisotropy. We discuss a possible common microscopic origin for the observed anisotropy in these physical quantities likely associated with an anisotropic magnetic interaction between Eu$^{2+}$ 4$f$ electrons mediated by conduction electrons.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Photon Self-Induced Spin to Orbital Conversion in TGG crystal at high laser power

In this paper, we present experimental evidence of a newly discovered third-order nonlinear optical process Self-Induced Spin-to-Orbital Conversion (SISTOC) of the photon angular momentum. This effect is the physical mechanism at the origin of the depolarization of very intense laser beams propagating in isotropic materials. The SISTOC process, like self-focusing, is triggered by laser heating leading to a radial temperature gradient in the medium. In this work we tested the occurrence of SISTOC in a terbium gallium garnet (TGG) rod for an impinging laser power of about 100~W. To study the SISTOC process we used different techniques: polarization analysis, interferometry and tomography of the photon orbital angular momentum. Our results confirm, in particular, that the apparent depolarization of the beam is due to the occurrence of maximal entanglement between the spin and orbital angular momentum of the photons undergoing the SISTOC process. This explanation of the true nature of the depolarization mechanism could be of some help in finding novel methods to reduce or to compensate for this usually unwanted depolarization effect in all cases where very high laser power and good beam quality are required.Comment: 6 pages, 10 figures, submitte

Lo spirito del male

In questo volume Nathalie Zaltzman -membro fondatore del IV Gruppo e co-redattrice della Rivista Topique- esplora il rapporto tra il Kulturarbeit e la dimensione del male, presentandoci il progredire di una riflessione da lungo tempo praticata sulle questioni della civilizzazione e delle sue oscurità. Avvalendosi di appassionanti incursioni nella letteratura, con un procedere dialettico dell’argomentazione in cui le domande sono veri strumenti di pensiero e con una prosa dialogica e a tratti spumeggiante, Zaltzman ci mostra i punti di vulnerabilità del Kulturarbeit, alla ricerca di una leva in grado di scardinare quella resilienza della dimensione del male refrattaria ad ogni progresso di civiltà. Il movimento è circolare: dopo aver isolato le due direzioni di analisi freudiana -civilizzazione e Kulturarbeit- che vanno a tessere la trama del saggio, si entra nel vivo della questione sullo spirito del male che dopo un lungo détour esplorativo -sul rapporto tra le rappresentazioni dell’umano, il progresso dell’opera di civiltà rivelato dalla nascita della nozione di crimine contro l’umanità e la dimensione del male-, viene ripresa ed arricchita dalla proposta di una topica del male. La problematica in gioco, la cui complessità apre più questioni di quante ne possa risolvere -come segnalato dalla scelta di titolare i due ultimi capitoli: Perplessità-, sembra trovare una sortita nel mantenimento del focus sul legame tra ontogenetico e filogenetico, tra individuale e collettivo

The Simplification of Public Administration: A Managerial Perspective

The paper addresses the issue of complexity in the administrative processes of public institutions: in particular, accounting routines and processes are examined. Back-office activities, although having a mere supporting role in the delivery of public services, absorb a relevant part of the resources of public institutions. The aim of the paper is to analyse the factors that contribute to the enhancement of complexity of these activities. The paper is based on an in-depth analysis of two Italian public organisations: a university and an ASP (agency for services to persons). Italy is an interesting context since simplification policies have been adopted in the country at central government level and in specific sectors of public administration, however, at the institutional level, simplification initiatives depend on the initiative of the single organisation. The cases described in this paper show that complexity stems from the need for inspectory controls (which is typical of the law) as well as from the volume of information requested (which is typical of management studies) for different stakeholders and at different, yet correlated, levels. The paper suggests that public management scholars have the opportunity and the burden of a contribution in this field

Distribution of Complex and Core Lipids within New Hyperthermophilic Members of the Archaea Domain

Core and complex lipids of several new hyperthermophilic archaeal isolates were analyzed. The organisms belong to the Sulfolobales,Archaeoglobus, Pyrobaculum, and Methanococcus. A detailed structural investigation of complex lipids of Pyrobaculum species is reported. The different lipid structures are of help for a rapid and simple phylogenetic classification of the new isolates. They are in agreement with the classification based on other features

Construção de um produto terminológico da Rede Agro-Hidro: etapa 5 (gerenciamento da base de dados terminológicos).

A Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) deu início ao projeto Rede AgroHidro - Agricultura e Recursos Hídricos nos Biomas Brasileiros, que tem como objetivo pensar em estratégias de gestão, comunicação e capacitação, a fim de desenvolver informações que ajudem a sociedade brasileira a lidar com essa questão