The Effects of Globalization on the Location of Industries in the OECD and European Union

Most international trade theory, whether classical or "new," predictst that increased globalization will be associated with increased locational concentration of particular economic activities, and hence increased specialization of national and regional economies, due to the greater freedom for industries to locate according to comparative advantage and economies of scale, and to integrate production systems based on an internationalization of intermediate goods sourcing. Relatively little empirical evidence exists on whether these predictions are correct. This paper presents the results of a statistical investigation of the trade-location relationship, using the OECD-STAN database, from 1970 to 1995. This investigation shows that in spite of rapidly rising trade, only in a very few industries has the spatial distribution changed substantially over the period studied. While intra-industry trade has risen across-the-board, locational concentration and specialization have increased little, if at all, in the European Union countries, and European economies remain much less specialized than equivalent regions of the USA. The paper then tries to speculate as to why this might be the case. Much of the intra-industry trade observed in Europe is probably not intermediate divisions of labor (production sharing), but head-to-head competition of largely national industries competing around similar products, through cross-market penetration. The question is how they manage to survive as such in an age of globalization. One hypothesis is that there are evolutionary dynamics involved: mature national firms and production clusters have capacities to adapt to changing circumstances which permit them to survive in more open markets. One major technique for adaptation is product differentiation, both horizontal (making the same products as competitors, through uptake of global state-ofthe- art knowledge) and vertical (quality differentiation, based on superior local knowledge). In this sense, the response of the European economies to globalization may reflect fundamentally different evolutionary dynamics from their American counterpart, whose regions integrated early on before they had mature industrial complexes, and where new industries tend to assume highly localized patterns, that serve as locational cores for the entire national industry. Most importantly, all of this implies that we need to develop non-deterministic theories of the relationship between trade and location, which take into account much more than the standard factors of comparative advantage and scale and integrate a dynamic evolutionary perspective.Globalization, locational specialization, product differentiation

Prevalence and Properties of Dark Matter in Elliptical Galaxies

Given the recently deduced relationship between X-ray temperatures and stellar velocity dispersions (the "T-sigma relation") in an optically complete sample of elliptical galaxies (Davis & White 1996), we demonstrate that L>L_* ellipticals contain substantial amounts of dark matter in general. We present constraints on the dark matter scale length and on the dark-to-luminous mass ratio within the optical half-light radius and within the entire galaxy. For example, we find that minimum values of dark matter core radii scale as r_dm > 4(L_V/3L_*)^{3/4}h^{-1}_80 kpc and that the minimum dark matter mass fraction is >~20% within one optical effective radius r_e and is >~39-85% within 6r_e, depending on the stellar density profile and observed value of beta_spec. We also confirm the prediction of Davis & White (1996) that the dark matter is characterized by velocity dispersions that are greater than those of the luminous stars: sigma_dm^2 ~ 1.4-2 sigma_*^2. The T-sigma relation implies a nearly constant mass-to-light ratio within six half-light radii: M/L_V ~ 25h_80 M_sun/L_V_sun. This conflicts with the simplest extension of CDM theories of large scale structure formation to galactic scales; we consider a couple of modifications which can better account for the observed T-sigma relation.Comment: 27 pages AASTeX; 15 PostScript figures; to appear in Ap

Strongest atomic physics bounds on Non-Commutative Quantum Gravity Models

Investigations of possible violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle represent critical tests of the microscopic space-time structure and properties. Space-time non-commutativity provides a class of universality for several Quantum Gravity models. In this context the VIP-2 Lead experiment sets the strongest bounds, searching for Pauli Exclusion Principle violating atomic-transitions in lead, excluding the $\theta$-Poincar\'e Non Commutative Quantum Gravity models far above the Planck scale for non-vanishing $\theta_{\mu \nu}$ ``electric-like'' components, and up to $6.9 \cdot 10^{-2}$ Planck scales if $\theta_{0i} = 0$.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure

Experimental test of Non-Commutative Quantum Gravity by VIP-2 Lead

Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) violations induced by space-time non-commutativity, a class of universality for several models of Quantum Gravity, are investigated by the VIP-2 Lead experiment at the Gran Sasso underground National Laboratory of INFN. The VIP-2 Lead experimental bound on the non-commutative space-time scale $\Lambda$ excludes $\theta$-Poincar\'e far above the Planck scale for non vanishing ``electric-like" components of $\theta_{\mu \nu}$, and up to $6.9 \cdot 10^{-2}$ Planck scales if they are null. Therefore, this new bound represents the tightest one so far provided by atomic transitions tests. This result strongly motivates high sensitivity underground X-ray measurements as critical tests of Quantum Gravity and of the very microscopic space-time structure.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2209.0007

VIP-2 —High-Sensitivity Tests on the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Electrons

The VIP collaboration is performing high sensitivity tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in the extremely low cosmic background environment of the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory INFN (Italy). In particular, the VIP-2 Open Systems experiment was conceived to put strong constraints on those Pauli Exclusion Principle violation models which respect the so-called Messiah–Greenberg superselection rule. The experimental technique consists of introducing a direct current in a copper conductor, and searching for the X-rays emission coming from a forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell of copper when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. The analysis of the first three months of collected data (in 2018) is presented. The obtained result represents the best bound on the Pauli Exclusion Principle violation probability which fulfills the Messiah–Greenberg rule

Test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle in the VIP-2 Underground Experiment

The validity of the Pauli exclusion principle\u2014a building block of Quantum Mechanics\u2014is tested for electrons. The VIP (violation of Pauli exclusion principle) and its follow-up VIP-2 experiments at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso search for X-rays from copper atomic transitions that are prohibited by the Pauli exclusion principle. The candidate events\u2014if they exist\u2014originate from the transition of a 2p orbit electron to the ground state which is already occupied by two electrons. The present limit on the probability for Pauli exclusion principle violation for electrons set by the VIP experiment is 4.7 710^ 1229. We report a first result from the VIP-2 experiment improving on the VIP limit, which solidifies the final goal of achieving a two orders of magnitude gain in the long run

HIGH SENSITIVITY QUANTUM MECHANICS TESTS IN THE COSMIC SILENCE

The VIP experiment aims to perform high-precision tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons in the extremely low cosmic background environment of the Underground Gran Sasso Laboratories of INFN (Italy). The experimental technique consists in introducing a DC current in a copper conductor, searching for K α PEP-forbidden atomic transitions when the K shell is already occupied by two electrons. The results of a preliminary data analysis, corresponding to the first run of the VIP-2 data taking (2016–2017), are presented. The experimental setup in the final configuration is described together with preliminary spectra from the 2019 data-taking campaign

High Precision Test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Electrons

The VIP-2 experiment aims to perform high precision tests of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons. The method consists in circulating a continuous current in a copper strip, searching for the X radiation emission due to a prohibited transition (from the 2p level to the 1s level of copper when this is already occupied by two electrons). VIP already set the best limit on the PEP violation probability for electrons $\frac{1}{2} \beta^2 < 4.7 \times 10^{-29}$, the goal of the upgraded VIP-2 (VIolation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle-2) experiment is to improve this result of two orders of magnitude at least. The experimental apparatus and the results of the analysis of a first set of collected data will be presented

Search for a remnant violation of the Pauli exclusion principle in a Roman lead target

In this paper we report on the results of two analyses of the data taken with a dedicated VIP-Lead experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN. We use measurements taken in an environment that is especially well screened from cosmic rays, with a metal target made of “Roman lead” which is characterised by a low level of intrinsic radioactivity. The analyses lead to an improvement, on the upper bounds of the Pauli Exclusion Principle violation for electrons, which is more than one (four) orders of magnitude, when the electron-atom interactions are described in terms of scatterings (or close encounters) respectively