Some remarks on singularities in quantum cosmology

We discuss to what extent classical singularities persist upon quantization in two simple cosmological models.Comment: 4 pps., LaTeX2e. Substantial revisions. To appear in: Proc. of the Second Conference on Constrained Dynamics and Quantum Gravity, Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, 17-21 September 1996. Edited by V. de Alfaro et a

The Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and The Singularity Problem in Quantum Cosmology

We apply the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics to homogeneous quantum cosmology and show that the quantum theory is independent of any time-gauge choice and there is no issue of time. We exemplify this result by studying a particular minisuperspace model where the quantum potential driven by a prescribed quantum state prevents the formation of the classical singularity, independently on the choice of the lapse function. This means that the fast-slow-time gauge conjecture is irrelevant within the framework of the causal interpretation of quantum cosmology.Comment: 18 pages, LaTe

The measurement of coal porosity with different gases

Sorption processes can be used to study different characteristics of coal properties, such as gas content (coalbed methane potential of a deposit), gas diffusion, porosity, internal surface area, etc. Coal microstructure (porosity system) is relevant for gas flow behaviour in coal and, consequently, directly influences gas recovery from the coalbed. This paper addresses the determination of coal porosity (namely micro- and macroporosity) in relation to the molecular size of different gases. Experiments entailed a sorption process, which includes the direct method of determining the ‘‘void volume’’ of samples using different gases (helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane). Because gas behaviour depends on pressure and temperature conditions, it is critical, in each case, to know the gas characteristics, especially the compressibility factor. The experimental conditions of the sorption process were as follows: temperature in the bath 35 ºC; sample with moisture equal to or greater than the moisture-holding capacity (MHC), particle size of sample less than 212 mm, and mass ca. 100 g. The present investigation was designed to confirm that when performing measurements of the coal void volume with helium and nitrogen, there are only small and insignificant changes in the volume determinations. Inducing great shrinkage and swelling effects in the coal molecular structure, carbon dioxide leads to ‘‘abnormal’’ negative values in coal void volume calculations, since the rate of sorbed and free gas is very high. In fact, when in contact with the coal structure, carbon dioxide is so strongly retained that the sorbed gas volume is much higher than the free gas volume. However, shrinkage and swelling effects in coal structure induced by carbon dioxide are fully reversible. Methane also induces shrinkage and swelling when in contact with coal molecular structure, but these effects, although smaller than those induced by carbon dioxide, are irreversible and increase the coal volume

Glossário ilustrado de estratigrafia sequencial e termos associados

Este Glossário de Estratigrafia Sequencial deve apenas ser considerado como uma primeira tentativa de normalização da terminologia desta especialidade. O trabalho que agora se apresenta corresponde a uma compilação de definições e doutrinas dispersas nas mais variadas publicações destinadas a servir os nossos alunos. Assim, à semelhança do que fizemos para geocientistas de certos países, este vocabulário foi elaborado, unicamente, para ajudar os jovens geocientistas que participem nos nossos cursos e ateliers, uma vez que a grande maioria dos termos aqui definidos são os utilizados durante os cursos. No vocabulário apresenta-se uma definição sucinta de cada termo e, bem assim, a sua tradução em sete línguas (inglês, francês, espanhol, alemão, chinês, russo e italiano). Alguns dos termos estrangeiros são tentativas de tradução que, mais tarde, serão actualizados (isto é, particularmente, verdade para os termos alemães).N/

Documented international enquiry on solid sedimentary fossil fuels; Coal: definitions, classifications, reserves-resources and energy potential

This paper deals with all solid sedimentary fossil fuels, i.e. coal, the main one for geological reserves and resources, peat, and oil shales. Definitions of coal ( < 50% ash) and coal seam (thickness and depth limits) are examined in view of an international agreement regarding new concepts for a common reserves and resources evaluation using the same nomenclature. The 50% ash limit, already adopted by UN-ECE for coal definition, allows the creation of a new category—the organic shales (50–75% ash)—comprising energetic materials still valuable for thermal use (coal shales) or to be retorted for oil production (oil shales). Geological relations between coals, oil shales, solid bitumen, liquid hydrocarbons, natural gas, and coalbed methane are also examined together with environmental problems. As a final synthesis of all topics, the paper discusses the problems related with a modern geological classification of all solid sedimentary fuels based on: various rank parameters (moisture content, calorific value, reflectance), maceral composition, and mineral matter content (and washability). Finally, it should be pointed out that the paper is presented as series of problems, some of them old ones, but never resolved until now. In order to facilitate the next generation of coal geologists to resolve these problems on the basis of international agreements, all sections begin with documented introductions for further questions opening an international enquiry. The authors hope that the answers will be abundant enough and pertinent to permit synthetic international solutions, valuable for the new millennium, with the help of interested consulted authorities, international pertinent organisations, and regional experts. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Glossário de atividades SAAD-RH 2007: pesquisadores.

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MACROSCOPIC TURBULENCE MODEL ADJUSTMENT FOR A POROUS MEDIUM MODELED AS AN INFINITE ARRAY OF TRANSVERSALLY-DISPLACED ELLIPTIC RODS

Through the volumetric averaging of the microscopic transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy, k, and its dissipation rate, , a macroscopic model was proposed for flow in porous media (Pedras and de Lemos, IJHMT 44 (6) 2001). As an outcome of the volume averaging process, additional terms appeared in the equations for k and . These terms were here adjusted assuming the porous structure to be modeled as an infinity array of transversal elliptic rods. Such an adjustment was obtained by numerically solving the microscopic flow governing equations, using a low and high Reynolds formulation, in the periodic cell composing the infinite medium. Different porosity and aspect ratios were investigated. The adjusted model was compared against others types of rods found in the literature, showing similar results

Comparative study of the influence of minerals in gas sorption isotherms of three coals of similar rank

This investigation compares the gas adsorption behaviour and capacity of three bituminous coals from South Africa, of similar rank, by assessing the characteristics of the raw coal, as well as the resulting float and sink fractions (at 1.80 cm3/g) obtained by density separation of crushed coal samples. Calculations were also made to obtain the raw coal gas storage capacity from the weighted contribution of both float and sink fractions results, thereby permitting comparison with the analysed results of the raw coal. The study demonstrated that the clean fraction of a coal has the highest capacity to retain gas in the sorbed state, followed by raw coal, and lastly the sink fraction, and re–confirmed previous investigations that showed minerals to be inhibitors of gas adsorption and retention