18,342 research outputs found
Descriptions of two Copidognathus halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae) from Zanzibar, Tanzania
Two halacarid species of the genus Copidognathus (Acari, Halacaridae) collected from the east coast of Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania, are described. Copidognathus matemwensis sp. nov. is characterized by an anterodorsal plate with 3 areolae, posterior dorsal plate with 2 costae, pair of ventromedial areolae between lateral and posterior setae on anterior epimeral plate, areolae present on lateral side of anterior half of genitoanal plate tending to join the areolae laterally to the genital opening area, rostrum elongate, tibiae I and II each with 1 denticulate process proximoventrally. The male of Copidognathus corallorum (Trouessart, 1899) is reported for the first time and described; leg morphology for C. corallorum is provided
Magnifying Lens Abstraction for Stochastic Games with Discounted and Long-run Average Objectives
Turn-based stochastic games and its important subclass Markov decision
processes (MDPs) provide models for systems with both probabilistic and
nondeterministic behaviors. We consider turn-based stochastic games with two
classical quantitative objectives: discounted-sum and long-run average
objectives. The game models and the quantitative objectives are widely used in
probabilistic verification, planning, optimal inventory control, network
protocol and performance analysis. Games and MDPs that model realistic systems
often have very large state spaces, and probabilistic abstraction techniques
are necessary to handle the state-space explosion. The commonly used
full-abstraction techniques do not yield space-savings for systems that have
many states with similar value, but does not necessarily have similar
transition structure. A semi-abstraction technique, namely Magnifying-lens
abstractions (MLA), that clusters states based on value only, disregarding
differences in their transition relation was proposed for qualitative
objectives (reachability and safety objectives). In this paper we extend the
MLA technique to solve stochastic games with discounted-sum and long-run
average objectives. We present the MLA technique based abstraction-refinement
algorithm for stochastic games and MDPs with discounted-sum objectives. For
long-run average objectives, our solution works for all MDPs and a sub-class of
stochastic games where every state has the same value
Termination Criteria for Solving Concurrent Safety and Reachability Games
We consider concurrent games played on graphs. At every round of a game, each
player simultaneously and independently selects a move; the moves jointly
determine the transition to a successor state. Two basic objectives are the
safety objective to stay forever in a given set of states, and its dual, the
reachability objective to reach a given set of states. We present in this paper
a strategy improvement algorithm for computing the value of a concurrent safety
game, that is, the maximal probability with which player~1 can enforce the
safety objective. The algorithm yields a sequence of player-1 strategies which
ensure probabilities of winning that converge monotonically to the value of the
safety game.
Our result is significant because the strategy improvement algorithm
provides, for the first time, a way to approximate the value of a concurrent
safety game from below. Since a value iteration algorithm, or a strategy
improvement algorithm for reachability games, can be used to approximate the
same value from above, the combination of both algorithms yields a method for
computing a converging sequence of upper and lower bounds for the values of
concurrent reachability and safety games. Previous methods could approximate
the values of these games only from one direction, and as no rates of
convergence are known, they did not provide a practical way to solve these
games
Formulation and statistical evaluation of a ready-to-drink whey based orange beverage and its storage stability
A value-added functional beverage is formulated utilizing unprocessed liquid whey. Whey has excellent nutritional qualities and bland flavors; it is easy to digest and has a unique functionality in a beverage system. The ready-to-drink beverage is formulated with concentrated whey, orange juice along with an adequate amount of sugar, stabilizer, citric acid and flavor. Orange juice is used since the acidic flavor of whey is compatible With citrus flavors and particularly orange. The health and nutrition benefits of orange further imparts the value to the formulated beverage. Nine blend formulations are prepared by varying the dry matter of whey, fruit juice and sugar content Based on a statistical analysis of the sensory evaluation of the drinks, the optimal formulation is found to have a ratio 3:2 for concentrated liquid whey and orange juice followed by an addition of 8% sugar (w/v) and 0.1% stabilizer (w/v). The shelf-life of the final product is carried out both at room temperature (30+/-2 degrees C) and refrigeration temperature (7+/-1 degrees C) with and without addition of preservatives. The product remains in good condition up to eleven days at room temperature and up to three months under refrigeration condition with addition of 150 ppm of sodium benzoate
On the X-ray feature associated with the Guitar Nebula
Context: A mysterious X-ray nebula, showing a remarkably linear geometry, was
recently discovered close to the Guitar Nebula, the bow-shock nebula associated
with B2224+65, which is the fastest pulsar known. The nature of this X-ray
feature is unknown, and even its association with pulsar B2224+65 is unclear.
Aims: We attempt to develop a self-consistent scenario to explain the complex
phenomenology of this object. Methods: We assume that the highest energy
electrons accelerated at the termination shock escape from the bow shock and
diffuse into the ambient medium, where they emit synchrotron X-rays. The linear
geometry should reflect the plane-parallel geometry of its ambient field.
Results: We estimate the Lorentz factor of the X-ray emitting electrons and the
strength of the magnetic field. The former (~10^8) is close to its maximum
possible value, while the latter, at ~45 uG, is higher than typical
interstellar values and must have been amplified in some way. The magnetic
field must also be turbulent to some degree to trap the electrons sufficiently
for synchrotron X-ray emission to occur effectively. We propose a
self-consistent scenario in which, by some streaming instability, the electrons
themselves generate a turbulent field in which they then diffuse. Some
numerical coincidences are explained, and tests are proposed to verify our
scenario. Conclusions: Electron leaking may be common in the majority of pulsar
bow-shock nebulae, even though the X-ray nebulosity in general is too diffuse
to be detectable.Comment: 4 pages. Accepted for publication in A&A, Letters to the Edito
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