Wiring Olfaction: The Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms that Guide the Development of Synaptic Connections from the Nose to the Cortex

Within the central nervous system, the olfactory system fascinates by its developmental and physiological particularities, and is one of the most studied models to understand the mechanisms underlying the guidance of growing axons to their appropriate targets. A constellation of contact-mediated (laminins, CAMs, ephrins, etc.) and secreted mechanisms (semaphorins, slits, growth factors, etc.) are known to play different roles in the establishment of synaptic interactions between the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory cortex. Specific mechanisms of this system (including the amazing family of about 1000 different olfactory receptors) have been also proposed. In the last years, different reviews have focused in partial sights, specially in the mechanisms involved in the formation of the olfactory nerve, but a detailed review of the mechanisms implicated in the development of the connections among the different olfactory structures (olfactory epithelium, OB, olfactory cortex) remains to be written. In the present work, we afford this systematic review: the different cellular and molecular mechanisms which rule the formation of the olfactory nerve, the lateral olfactory tract and the intracortical connections, as well as the few data available regarding the accessory olfactory system. These mechanisms are compared, and the implications of the differences and similarities discussed in this fundamental scenario of ontogeny

Towards the Sensory Nature of the Carotid Body: Hering, De Castro and Heymans†

The carotid body or glomus caroticum is a chemosensory organ bilaterally located between the external and internal carotid arteries. Although known by anatomists since the report included by Von Haller and Taube in the mid XVIII century, its detailed study started the first quarter of the XX. The Austro-German physiologist Heinrich E. Hering studied the cardio-respiratory reflexes searched for the anatomical basis of this reflex in the carotid sinus, while the Ghent School leaded by the physio-pharmacologists Jean-François Heymans and his son Corneille focussed in the cardio-aortic reflexogenic region. In 1925, Fernando De Castro, one of the youngest and more brilliant disciples of Santiago Ramón y Cajal at the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas (Madrid, Spain), profited from some original novelties in histological procedures to study the fine structure and innervation of the carotid body. De Castro unravelled them in a series of scientific papers published between 1926 and 1929, which became the basis to consider the carotid body as a sensory receptor (or chemoreceptor) to detect the chemical changes in the composition of the blood. Indeed, this was the first description of arterial chemoreceptors. Impressed by the novelty and implications of the work of De Castro, Corneille Heymans invited the Spanish neurologist to visit Ghent on two occasions (1929 and 1932), where both performed experiences together. Shortly after, Heymans visited De Castro at the Instituto Cajal (Madrid). From 1932 to 1933, Corneille Heymans focused all his attention on the carotid body his physiological demonstration of De Castro's hypothesis regarding chemoreceptors was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1938, just when Spain was immersed in its catastrophic Civil War

La prestación de desempleo en la reciente doctrina jurisprudencial

[Resumen] Crónica de las últimas elaboraciones judiciales del Tribunal Supremo sobre la prestación de desempleo; en concreto, se van a analizar de manera separada la doctrina reiteradísima, la reiterada y también la jurisprudencia en formación; haciendo especial hincapié en el cambio de criterio operado en alguna de las instituciones más importantes sobre este subsidio[Abstract] Chronicle of the latest Supreme Court judicial elaborations on the unemployment benefit; in particular, to be analyzed separately the most confirmed, the confirmed and also the creating judicial doctrine, with special emphasis on the change of operating in any of the most important institutions about this benefit

Social networks, mobile apps and evidence in the labour process

[Resumo] Un dos medios de proba máis importantes no proceso laboral é a proba documental que pode achegarse o día do xuízo; porén, cada vez máis a miúdo, debido á xeneralización do uso das redes sociais, resulta que tal proba non a contén un documento ao uso clásico, senón un teléfono intelixente (smartphone), en que se reflicte un escrito, por exemplo, comunicado a través dalgunha aplicación de mensaxaría instantánea, en particular, WhatsApp. O que se formula neste artigo é a virtualidade que pode chegar a ter o expresado a través da devandita aplicación, como pode acceder ao proceso laboral e en que medida determina unha resolución favorable aos intereses de quen achega unha proba deste tipo.[Abstract] One of the most important evidences that can be brought to a labour process is the documentary one. More and more often however, such proof is not contained in a classical document due to the generalized use of social networks. It is rather an element contained on a Smartphone such as a text sent through an instant messaging application (in particular, WhatsApp). What is proposed in this article is the potentiality that can be expressed through this application, how it can gain access into the process and whether or not it determines a ruling favourable to the interests of the party that provides i