Comparison of fractional excretion of sodium, uric acid and urea nitrogen in diagnosis of pediatric acute prerenal failure

Background and aim: various factors, in terms of faster diagnosis of acute renal failure have been studied so far, but these studies have been done mostly on adults. Therefore, in this paper we made a comparison of fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), uric acid (FeUa) and urea nitrogen (FeU) in acute prerenal failure in children to find out which one is more sensitive in diagnosis of acute prerenal failure. Material and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 5 CC blood was taken from 29 children of 1 month to 15 years old, diagnosed with acute pre-renal failure; the amount of creatinine, sodium, uric acid and urea nitrogen was measured in their plasma. After taking a standard urine specimen, all the mentioned items were measured in patients' urine and put into the formula of FeNa, FeUa and FeU and compared. Results: In this study, 75.8% FeU, 68.9% FeUa and 58.6% FeNa are agreeable to prerenal criteria and the most sensitivity is assigned to FeU. Among the three groups, FeNa is more affected by treatment with diuretic. The difference between FeNa in the receiver group of normal saline and the receiver group of diuretic is more than those groups which did not receive any. Conclusion: Fractional excretion of urea nitrogen in children, especially in the receivers of diuretic is more sensitive in diagnosis of acute prerenal failure. Moreover, this index is more sensitive in diagnosis of acute prerenal failure than the other indexes

DJELOVANJE MIJEŠANJA I RAZINE UKLJUČIVANJA SOJINOG ULJA I NJEGOVE ZAKISELJENE SAPUNASTE SMJESE NA REZULTATE BROJLERA

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets containing blends of soy oil and its acidulated soapstock on broiler performance. Six hundred 7–day-old Ross broiler chicks were assigned to factorial arrangement (2×5) with 2 levels of oil (3 , 6%) and 5 blends of soy oil and its soapstock (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design . The levels of inclusion of fat in diets had a significant effect on feed intake and feed conversion ratio(FCR), and birds fed diets containing 3% of fat had higher weight gain and better FCR (P<0.05). Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the blending ratio of soy oil and its acidulated soapstock. The soy oil: soapstock ratio of 0:100, in diet resulted in significantly lower weight gain, but there were not any significant differences between other blending ratios on weight gain and FCR. The interaction effects of fat levels× blending ratio of soy oil and its acidulated soapstock were significant on weight gain and FCR in the whole rearing period. The weight gain of birds receiving diets containing 6% of fat with the 0:100 (soy oil: soapstock) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in the other treatments. It was concluded that the acidulated soy oil soapstock could be used as an energy source in broiler diets, and the soy oil replaced witht its soapstock by 75% in the whole rearing period.Ovaj je rad proveden radi istraživanja djelovanja obroka sa soijnim uljem i njegovom zakiseljenom sapunastom smjesom na rezultate brojlerskih pilića. Šest 7 dana starih brojlerskih pilića linije Ross svrstano je u faktorijalni red (2x5) s dvije količine ulja (3%,6%) i 5 mješavina sojinog ulja i njegove sapunaste smjese (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 i 0:100) s 4 ponavljanja u potpuno slučajnom planu. Razine uključivanja masnoće u obroke imale su značajan učinak na uzimanje hrane i omjer konverzije hrane (FCR), te su pilići hranjeni obrocima s 3% masnoće imali veći prirast tjelesne mase i bolji FCR (P<0.05). Na prirast tjelesne mase i omjer konverzije hrane značajno je djelovao omjer miješanja sojinog ulja i njegove zakiseljene sapunaste smjese (P<0.05). Omjer sojino ulje: sapunasta smjesa od 0:100 u obrocima rezultirao je značajno nižim prirastom tjelesne mase ali nije bilo nikakve druge značajne razlike između drugih omjera miješanja na prirast tjelesne mase i na FCR. Djelovanje interakcije razine masti x omjer miješanja sojinog ulja i zakiseljene sapunaste smjese bilo je značajno na prirast tjelesne mase i FCR u čitavom razdoblju uzgoja. Prirast tjelesne mase pilića koji su dobivali obroke sa 6% masti s 0:100 (sojino ulje : sapunasta smjesa) bio je značajno niži (P<0,05) od prirasta pilića u drugim tretiranjima. Zaključuje se da bi se zakiseljena sapunasta smjesa sojinog ulja mogla upotrijebiti kao izvor energije u obrocima brojlera a sojino ulje nadomjestiti sa 75% sapunaste smjese u čitavom uzgojnom razdoblju

Comparison and Evaluation of the Low-Level Laser and the Red and Blue LED Effects on Wound Healing in Rabbit

Introduction: Wound healing is a dynamic, interactive process to achieve the restoration of skin integrity and proper function after damage. Applying a low-level laser (LLL) and light emitting diodes (henceforth LEDs) is introduced in previous studies to accelerate the process of wound healing. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of the LLL and LEDs on wound healing in rabbits.Methods: Full thickness same size square excision wounds were created on the dorsum of the rabbits. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, according to the treatment received. Group 1: the AlGalInP (aluminium gallium indium phosphide) laser (4 J/cm²); group 2: the red LED (30 J/cm²); group 3: the blue LED (60 J/cm²) and group 4, as the control group, was not irradiated. After 30 days, the wounds were evaluated both morphologically and histopathologically. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05.Results: All interfering methods including the LLL and LEDs had better outcome compared with the control group of both sizes and histopathologic features. The red laser group showed better results compared to the control group and either the LED groups. Comparing LEDs, the red LED performed better than the blue LED.Conclusion: This study confirmed the significant effects of the LLL and LEDs on wound healing. Comparing the LLL and LED, the LED may be a better choice, especially for bedridden or debilitated patients. The LED may also more cost effective in wound healing in comparison with the LLL

EFFECTS OF INCLUSION OF HULL-LESS BARLEY AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION OF BROILER DIETS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND DIETARY METABOLISABLE ENERGY CONTENT

Two trials were conducted to study the effect of inclusion of hull-less barley and exogenous enzyme to broiler diet on the growth performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and Nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The experiments were 3×4 factorial arrangements with three levels of enzyme (0, 300 and 600 g/ton) and four levels of hull-less barley inclusion (0, 10, 20 and 30%) in diet. The digestion trial was performed in battery cage with 648 male broiler chickens where twelve experimental diets were fed to the chickens from 15-21 (starter) and 35-45 (finisher) days of age. In the growth trial, the experimental diets were fed to 960 broiler chicks distributed in 48 pens for a 7-week feeding trial on growing (0-3 weeks), grower (4-5 weeks) and finisher (6-7 weeks) periods. Results showed that increasing the amount of hull_less barley inclusion decreased feed intake and live-weight gain both in the starter and grower period (P.0.01) but, did not significantly influence in finisher period. At the overall rearing period (0-49 days), increasing amount of hull-less barley in diet significantly decreased feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (p0.01). Increasing in hull-less barley inclusion rate, increased relative weight of gastrointestinal track, liver and ceca (P0.01) but, did not influence the relative weight of abdominal fat and gizzard as well as the rate of mortality. Hull-less barley inclusion in diet decreased dietary AME and ileal and total tract digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and starch in the starting period (p0.01). The hull-less barley inclusion, however, did not significantly influence the nutrient digestibility (exclude crude fat) and AME in the finishing period. Enzyme supplementation did not show improvement in growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers. Increasing the amount of hull-less barley in the diet had the most negative effect on nutrient digestion of broilers at starter period and the reduction in broiler performance probably due to the depressed nutrient digestion. The magnitude of the reduction in digestibility and performance depends on the soluble NSPs concentration of hull-less barley containing diets

Complexes of thallium(I) and cadmium(II) with dipeptides of L-phenylalanylglycine and Glycyl-L-phenylalanine

The stability constants of the complexes of thallium(I) and cadmium(II) ions with dipeptides of glycyl-L-phenylalanine and L-phenylalanylglycine were determined in aqueous solution at 25 ºC and 0.1 mol dm-3 ionic medium using a combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques. Sodium perchlorate was used to maintain the ionic strength. The composition of the formed complexes was determined and it was shown that thallium(I) and cadmium(II) forms two mononuclear 1:1 species with the ligands, of the type [Tl(HL)]+, TlL, [Cd(HL)]2+ and [CdL]+ in the pH range of study (1.5-10.5), where L represents a fully dissociated ligand. The logarithms of the cumulative stability constants, betaxyz, of the complexes, [(Metal ion)x(H+)y(ligand) z], are log beta111 and log beta101: 12.15, 3.39 (for Tl+ with L-phenylalanylglycine), 11.36, 2.13 (for Tl+ with glycyl-L-phenylalanine), 12.06, 2.82 (for Cd2+ with L-phenylalanylglycine), 10.70 and 1.70 (for Cd2+ with glycyl-L-phenylalanine), respectively

Genetic and Morphological Diversity of Wild Mint "Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. noeana (Briq.) Briq." in South and Southeastern Iran

The wild mint "Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. noeana (Briq.) Briq." is an important medicinal plant which contains several worthy components like: menthone, pulegone, pipertenon, menthol, thymol, and carvone in its essential oil. This plant grows extensively in center of Asia including Iran. Because of so worthy components and its big role in traditional and modern medicine, the wild mint diversity was considered based on morphological and phytochemical variables and DNA markers (RAPD and ISSR) in South and Southeastern Iran. A total of 64 genotypes of M. longifolia  subsp. noeana genotypes were col­lected from 8 distribution centers. In total, the 15 morphological and pigments variables were measured and calculated. The cluster analysis based on morphological and phytochemical variables divided populations in the 4 main groups. The fifteen RAPD primers with reproducible and score able amplifications characters were selected. Cluster analysis based on RAPD markers revealed seven main clusters in genetic distance 0.22. The nine ISSR primers with score able amplifications characters were selected. Cluster analysis based on ISSR markers revealed five main clusters in genetic distance 0.23. The results of this research showed enough genetic diversity among and inside of the studied wild mint populations which could be applied in following breeding and gene bank conservation programs

Bone Tissue Response to Plasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings: An In Vivo Study on Rabbit Femoral Condyles

In this study, hydroxyapatite was coated on titanium substrates by plasma spraying process. A well-known porous and lamellar microstructure was found in the lateral and outer surface of coating. The phase composition was studied by XRD and the morphological and the microstructural aspects were investigated by scanning electron and optical microscopy. The hardness of coatings and substrates was measured by Vickers indentation method. For in vivo study, rabbit condyles were exposed to two groups of coated and uncoated samples. Radiographyically, different parameters such as bone lysis, sclerosis, displacement of samples and bone resorption were taken into consideration and no statistically differences between the two groups, with no sign of infection on the edges of each hole were found. Histopathological interpretation of all coated samples indicated that the extent of callus and thickness of speculae were quite distinct from that of uncoated group. In this group, the space between implant and canal was filled up with matured connective tissues and plenty of bone speculae of woven bone in nature. However, these speculaes were thinner and immature as compared to coated samples

DJELOVANJE FLAVOMICINA I PROTEKSINA NA RAST I POPULACIJU CRIJEVNE MIKROFLORE BROJLERA HRANJENIH OBROCIMA RAZLIČITE KOLIČINE SOJINOG ULJA

A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementary flavomycin and protexin in diets containing different levels of soy oil on growth performance and intestinal microbial population of broiler chicks. Three hundred and sixty one-day old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 6 treatments, with 4 replicates and 15 birds per each replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 3% soy oil + flavomycin (400g/t), 3% soy oil + protexin (500g/t), 3% soy oil without any growth promoter, 6% soy oil + flavomycin (400g/t), 6% soy oil + protexin (500g/t) and 6% soy oil without any growth promoter. The experimental period was 42 days and feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly. The ileal numbers of Lactobacilli and E. coli were counted at 21 and 42day of age. The results showed that addition of protexin to diets (containing 3 or 6% soy oil), reduced feed intake and weight gain significantly (P<0.05). Supplementation diets with flavomycin, resulted in significantly lower counts of Lactobacilli and E. coli. Lactobacilli counts in the ileum of birds receiving protexin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other treatments. It could be concluded that supplementing diets containing fat with protexin have negative effects on broiler performance and high numbers of lactobacilli may play a role in growth depression related to impaired fat absorption due to bile acid deconjugationProvedeno je istraživanje radi određivanja djelovanja dodatka flavomicina i proteksina u obroke koji sadrže različite količine sojinog ulja na rast i crijevnu populaciju mikroorganizama u brojlerskih pilića. Tristo šezdeset jednodnevnih brojlerskih pilića Ross podijeljeno je slučajnim odabirom u 6 tretiranja s 4 ponavljanja i 15 pilića po svakom ponavljanju u slučajnom potpunom bloku. Tretiranja su bila: 3% sojino ulje + flavomicin (400g/t), 3% sojino ulje + proteksin (500g/t), 3% sojino ulje bez promotora rasta, 6% sojino ulje + flavomicin (400g/t), 6% sojino ulje + proteksin (500g/t) i 6% sojino ulje bez promotora rasta. Pokusno razdoblje trajalo je 42 dana i tjedno je bilježen unos hrane i porast tjelesne mase. Lactobacilli i R.coli prebrojavani su 21. i 42. dana starosti. Rezultati su pokazali da je dodavanje proteksina u obroke (uz 3 ili 6% sojinog ulja) značajno smanjilo (P<0.05) unos hrane i prirast tjelesne mase. Obroci s dodanim flavomicinom dali su značajno manji broj Lactobacilla i E. coli. Broj Lactobacilla u ileumu pilića koji su dobivali proteksin bio je značajno veći (P<0.05) od broja u drugim tretiranjima. Može se zaključiti da je dodavanje proteksina obrocima koji su sadržavali mast negativno djelovalo na rezultate brojlera a visoki broj lactobacilla možda igra ulogu u smanjenju rasta u vezi sa smanjenom apsorpcijom masti zbog razdvajanja/dekonjugacije žučne kiseline

Screening Characteristics of Bedside Ultrasonography in Confirming Endotracheal Tube Placement; a Diagnostic Accuracy Study

Introduction: Confirmation of proper endotracheal tube placement is one of the most important and lifesaving issues of tracheal intubation. The present study was aimed to evaluate the accuracy of tracheal ultrasonography by emergency residents in this regard.  Method: This was a prospective, cross sectional study for evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in endotracheal tube placement confirmation compared to a combination of 4 clinical confirmation methods of chest and epigastric auscultation, direct laryngoscopy, aspiration of the tube, and pulse oximetry (as reference test).Results: 150 patients with the mean age of 58.52 ± 1.73 years were included (56.6% male). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of tracheal ultrasonography in endotracheal tube confirmation were 96 (95% CI: 92-99), 88 (95% CI: 62-97), 98 (95% CI: 94-99), 78 (95% CI: 53-93), 64 (95% CI: 16-255), and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1-0.6), respectively.Conclusion: The present study showed that tracheal ultrasonography by trained emergency medicine residents had excellent sensitivity (&gt;90%) and good specificity (80-90) for confirming endotracheal tube placement. Therefore, it seems that ultrasonography is a proper screening tool in determining endotracheal tube placement

Effects of Different Levels of Zero-Tannin Faba Bean on Performance and some Physiological Responses of Broiler Chickens

Introduction: The quality and quantity of dietary protein are primary factor influencing growth and feed costs. Seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L), similarly as soybean meal, belong to high-protein feeds. The use of faba beans in poultry feed is limited despite having a suitable chemical composition, the main reason of which is the presence of anti-nutritional factors in this seed. Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center has produced a zero-tannin faba bean seeds variety (Mahta cultivar) that does not have the nutritional limiting factors of normal beans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of zero-tannin faba bean seeds (Mahta cultivar) on growth performance, some immune and biochemical parameters of blood, morphology and microbial population of small intestine and meat quality of broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: 320 of one-day-old Ross 308 broilers with 4 treatments were used in a completely randomized design with 4 replications and 20 equal mixed birds of each sex in each replication for 42 days. Experimental treatments included 1- control diet (without faba beans and based on corn-soybean meal) 2- diets containing 10% zero-tannin faba bean 3- diets containing 20% zero-tannin faba bean and 4- diets containing 30% zero-tannin faba bean. Then, the growth performance of chickens, blood biochemical (triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and HDL concentrations) and immune (heterophil and lymphocyte percentage) indicators, intestinal jejunum morphological (villi length, villi width, crypt depth and thichness of muscle layer) and ileum contents microbial population (lactobacillus and escherichia coli) parameters and meat quality (pH, malondialdehyde, peroxide number and free fatty acids) of broiler chickens were measured and recorded. Finally, the analysis of data was performed using GLM method by SAS software. The means were compared using Tukey's multiple range tests.Results and Discussion: The results showed growth performance (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio) of the whole period (1 to 42 days) of birds fed with different levels of diets containing zero-tannin faba bean (0, 10, 20 and 30%) was not significant. There was also no difference between the growth performance of birds fed diets containing zero-tannin faba bean compared to birds receiving the control diet (without beans). A decreasing linear change in the weight gain of the whole period was observed with the increase in the percentage of zero-tannin faba bean (P0.10). Also, morphological parameters of intestinal jejunum were not affected by different levels of zero-tannin faba bean in the diet. However, citizenship analysis showed linear changes in villi length, villi width and crypt depth of broiler intestines. The tendency to increase villi length was observed in birds fed diets containing 10% zero-tannin faba bean compared to other diets (P= 0.08). Villi width (P<0.05) and crypt depth (P=0.05) were lower in birds fed diets containing zero-tannin faba bean compared to the control treatment (without faba beans). Microbial population of escherichia coli and lactobacillus ileum contents were not affected by different levels of zero-tannin faba bean in the diet. The use of different levels of zero-tannin faba bean improved meat quality by decreasing pH, malondialdehyde concentration, peroxide and free fatty acids in broiler thighs (P<0.05).Conclusion: Finally, according to the present results, it seems that among the different levels of zero-tannin faba bean (10, 20 and 30%) in the diet of broiler chickens, the level of 10% zero-tannin faba bean in terms of broiler performance should be more appropriate and competitive with the control diet (without faba beans and based on corn-soybean meal)