Multi-symplectic discretisation of wave map equations

We present a new multi-symplectic formulation of constrained Hamiltonian partial differential equations, and we study the associated local conservation laws. A multi-symplectic discretisation based on this new formulation is exemplified by means of the Euler box scheme. When applied to the wave map equation, this numerical scheme is explicit, preserves the constraint and can be seen as a generalisation of the Shake algorithm for constrained mechanical systems. Furthermore, numerical experiments show excellent conservation properties of the numerical solutions

Thermal transport in 2D and 3D nanowire networks

We report on thermal transport properties in 2 and 3 dimensions interconnected nanowire networks (strings and nodes). The thermal conductivity of these nanostructures decreases in increasing the distance of the nodes, reaching ultra-low values. This effect is much more pronounced in 3D networks due to increased porosity, surface to volume ratio and the enhanced backscattering at 3D nodes compared to 2D nodes. We propose a model to estimate the thermal resistance related to the 2D and 3D interconnections in order to provide an analytic description of thermal conductivity of such nanowire networks; the latter is in good agreement with Molecular Dynamic results

Regulation of DNA (de)Methylation Positively Impacts Seed Germination during Seed Development under Heat Stress

Seed development needs the coordination of multiple molecular mechanisms to promote correct tissue development, seed filling, and the acquisition of germination capacity, desiccation tolerance, longevity, and dormancy. Heat stress can negatively impact these processes and upon the increase of global mean temperatures, global food security is threatened. Here, we explored the impact of heat stress on seed physiology, morphology, gene expression, and methylation on three stages of seed development. Notably, Arabidopsis Col-0 plants under heat stress presented a decrease in germination capacity as well as a decrease in longevity. We observed that upon mild stress, gene expression and DNA methylation were moderately affected. Nevertheless, upon severe heat stress during seed development, gene expression was intensively modified, promoting heat stress response mechanisms including the activation of the ABA pathway. By analyzing candidate epigenetic markers using the mutants' physiological assays, we observed that the lack of DNA demethylation by the ROS1 gene impaired seed germination by affecting germination-related gene expression. On the other hand, we also observed that upon severe stress, a large proportion of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were located in the promoters and gene sequences of germination-related genes. To conclude, our results indicate that DNA (de)methylation could be a key regulatory process to ensure proper seed germination of seeds produced under heat stress

Above and belowground community strategies respond to different global change drivers

Environmental changes alter the diversity and structure of communities. By shifting the range of species traits that will be successful under new conditions, environmental drivers can also dramatically impact ecosystem functioning and resilience. Above and belowground communities jointly regulate whole-ecosystem processes and responses to change, yet they are frequently studied separately. To determine whether these communities respond similarly to environmental changes, we measured taxonomic and trait-based responses of plant and soil microbial communities to four years of experimental warming and nitrogen deposition in a temperate grassland. Plant diversity responded strongly to N addition, whereas soil microbial communities responded primarily to warming, likely via an associated decrease in soil moisture. These above and belowground changes were associated with selection for more resource-conservative plant and microbe growth strategies, which reduced community functional diversity. Functional characteristics of plant and soil microbial communities were weakly correlated (P = 0.07) under control conditions, but not when above or belowground communities were altered by either global change driver. These results highlight the potential for global change drivers operating simultaneously to have asynchronous impacts on above and belowground components of ecosystems. Assessment of a single ecosystem component may therefore greatly underestimate the whole-system impact of global environmental changes

Stockage thermique de protection à chaleur latente intégré à un récepteur solaire à air pressurisé

The thesis deals with the problem of thermal inertia and life time of the solar receiver of a Concentrated Solar Power tower plant. A specific attention is paid to the situation of HSGT (Hybridized Solar Gas Turbine) systems using pressurized air as HTF (Heat Transfer Fluid). The intermittence of solar radiation, mainly resulting from cloudy events, causes important temperature fluctuations that contribute to the premature aging. Therefore, a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is developed for the protection of the receiver. The design focuses on the high temperature section of the receiver. As a consequence of the elevation of temperature in this stage, the expected temperature of the receiver ranges between 600°C and 800°C. Once the receiver is no longer irradiated, the temperature of the outlet air of the receiver, which is 750°C at designed point, decreases below 400°C in less than 15 minutes. The objective is to integrate the TES into the solar receiver to maintain this air temperature higher than 600°C after 15 minutes of discharge. A low capacity TES is targeted. Besides, the storage should enhance the lifetime of the receiver during the operation, by avoiding temperature drops. A test bench is designed based on a technology using both Phase Change Material (PCM) and metallic fins in order to enhance charge and discharge power of the storage unit. The selected metal is copper, because of its great thermal conductivity. The thermal storage medium must operate in the range 600°C – 800°C. The lithium carbonate has been selected mainly because of its phase change temperature, 723°C. A numerical model is developed in order to help the design of the test bench and compare experimental results. The conclusions lead to one-scale design of the thermal storage integrated to the solar receiver.Le récepteur d’une centrale solaire à tour est l’élément clé de la conversion du rayonnement en chaleur. Dans le cadre de la thèse, il s’agit d’un récepteur métallique dans une centrale de type HSGT (Turbine hybride solaire gaz) refroidi par air pressurisé. En condition normale de fonctionnement, le récepteur chauffe l’air de 350 à 750°C. La température de l’air en sortie chute à 400°C en moins de 15 minutes si le soleil est masqué, par un nuage par exemple. L’objectif est de maintenir la température de l’air en sortie supérieure à 600°C durant 15 minutes sans ensoleillement. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, un stockage thermique intégré au récepteur est envisagé. Parallèlement le stockage de chaleur doit prolonger la durée de vie du récepteur en lui évitant de subir d’intenses chocs thermiques. L’étude porte sur la zone la plus chaude du récepteur, atteignant 800°C. Lorsque le soleil brille (le récepteur est insolé), une partie de la chaleur est stockée dans un matériau qui passe de l’état solide à liquide. Cette chaleur est restituée au récepteur lors de la transformation inverse (liquide à solide) si le soleil est masqué. Les variations de la température du récepteur sont ainsi plus douces et le récepteur est épargné des chocs thermiques. L’utilisation d’un matériau à changement de phase tel que le carbonate de lithium (fusion à 723°C) réduit le volume et la masse du stockage installé directement à l’arrière du récepteur. Ce matériau stocke une grande quantité de chaleur sur une gamme de température peu étendue. Cependant les matériaux à changement de phase ne permettent pas de transférer la chaleur rapidement à cause de leur faible conductivité thermique. C’est la raison pour laquelle l’intensification de ces transferts est étudiée. La mise en place d’ailettes en cuivre à l’intérieur du stockage améliore les transferts de chaleur, grâce à la conductivité thermique élevée du métal. Un modèle numérique représentatif du comportement thermique du stockage est développé. Le travail de conception du stockage aboutit à la fabrication d’un banc expérimental. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés au modèle afin de le critiquer. Les conclusions permettent d’envisager la conception d’un stockage thermique de protection à l’échelle du récepteur