On seed island generation and the non-linear self-consistent interaction of the tearing mode with electromagnetic gyro-kinetic turbulence

The multi-scale interaction of self-consistently driven magnetic islands with electromagnetic turbulence is studied within the three dimensional, toroidal gyro-kinetic framework. It can be seen that, even in the presence of electromagnetic turbulence the linear structure of the mode is retained. Turbulent fluctuations do not destroy the growing island early in its development, which then maintains a coherent form as it grows. The island is seeded by the electromagnetic turbulence fluctuations, which provide an initial island structure through nonlinear interactions and which grows at a rate significantly faster than the linear tearing growth rate. These island structures saturate at a width that is approximately $\rho_{i}$ in size. In the presence of turbulence the island then grows at the linear rate even though the island is significantly wider than the resonant layer width, a regime where the island is expected to grow at a significantly reduced non-linear rate. A large degree of stochastisation around the separatrix, and an almost complete break down of the X-point is seen. This significantly reduces the effective island width.Comment: Joint Varenna - Lausanne International Worksho

A new dialect for a new village: Evidence for koinézation in East Kent

The construction of Aylesham as 'new town' for miners in East Kent brought together migrants from every UK coalfield, providing conditions for dialect mixing and koinéization comparable to those described by Trudgill (2004) for colonial settings such as New Zealand. Trudgill's deterministic model of new dialect formation is tested here using data from a pilot study conducted in the village, and found broadly to be valid for internal migrant as well as tabula rasa settings. An important difference, however, lies in evidence of the emergence of a new dialect in the first, rather than the second indigenous Aylesham generation as the model would predict

Variable Liaison, Diglossia, and the Style Dimension in Spoken French

This article tests the diglossia hypothesis, according to which informal/spoken and formal/written French have diverged to the point of being separate High and Low varieties in Haugen's (1966) terms, using a corpus of data from 96 speakers examined for variable liaison in scripted and unscripted style. While the data do not lend support for a diglossia model, they do not in themselves refute it, because the the hypothesis as it stands is empirically unfalsifiable. A comparison of the speakers investigated here and 'professionnels de la parole publique', i.e. individuals for whom speaking in public is an occupational requirement, suggests nonetheless that the diglossia model offers a poor fit for liaison data, and an alternative four-level model for this complex variable is proposed

Differentiation of paediatric burn injury by household energy source in South Africa

Burn injuries remain a significant cause of death and disability in the global south, with children amongst the most vulnerable. In South Africa, burns are a critical health and economic burden in densely populated and energy-impoverished communities. This study used secondary data on burn injuries from 19 health facilities to differentiate between risk for scalds and flame burns across three household energy sources (firewood, paraffin and electricity). The sample was 2 933 cases of child burn victims, with key analytical procedures being descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Results showed that 52% of burn injury admissions reported electricity as the household energy source used at the time of injury. Most burn injuries were scalds (85.3%), with infants and toddlers at greatest risk. The differentiation between wood and paraffin was associated with a threefold increase in scalds relative to flame burns, while that between paraffin and electricity indicated a sevenfold increase in scalds and nineteen times such an increase between wood and electricity. This was an indication of continued challenges for the country in addressing paediatric burns despite, and in the context of, the continued electrification of poor households. The study recommends improved regulation of electrical appliances used by low-income households, and targeted household safety education initiatives

Improved Coinfection with Amphotropic Pseudotyped Retroviral Vectors

Amphotropic pseudotyped retroviral vectors have typically been used to infect target cells without prior concentration. Although this can yield high rates of infection, higher rates may be needed where highly efficient coinfection of two or more vectors is needed. In this investigation we used amphotropic retroviral vectors produced by the Plat-A cell line and studied coinfection rates using green and red fluorescent proteins (EGFP and dsRed2). Target cells were primary human fibroblasts (PHF) and 3T3 cells. Unconcentrated vector preparations produced a coinfection rate of ∼4% (defined as cells that are both red and green as a percentage of all cells infected). Optimized spinoculation, comprising centrifugation at 1200 g for 2 hours at 15°C, increased the coinfection rate to ∼10%. Concentration by centrifugation at 10,000 g or by flocculation using Polybrene increased the coinfection rate to ∼25%. Combining the two processes, concentration by Polybrene flocculation and optimized spinoculation, increased the coinfection rate to 35% (3T3) or >50% (PHF). Improved coinfection should be valuable in protocols that require high transduction by combinations of two or more retroviral vectors

Spacecraft Conceptual Design for the 8-Meter Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST)

The Advanced Concepts Office at Marshall Space Flight Center completed a brief spacecraft design study for the 8-meter monolithic Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST-8m). This spacecraft concept provides all power, communication, telemetry, avionics, guidance and control, and thermal control for the observatory, and inserts the observatory into a halo orbit about the second Sun-Earth Lagrange point. The multidisciplinary design team created a simple spacecraft design that enables component and science instrument servicing, employs articulating solar panels for help with momentum management, and provides precise pointing control while at the same time fast slewing for the observatory

ReMKiT1D -- A framework for building reactive multi-fluid models of the tokamak Scrape-Off Layer with coupled electron kinetics in 1D

In this manuscript we present the recently developed flexible framework for building both fluid and electron kinetic models of the tokamak Scrape-Off Layer in 1D - ReMKiT1D (Reactive Multi-fluid and Kinetic Transport in 1D). The framework can handle systems of non-linear ODEs, various 1D PDEs arising in fluid modelling, as well as PDEs arising from the treatment of the electron kinetic equation. As such, the framework allows for flexibility in fluid models of the Scrape-Off Layer while allowing the easy addition of kinetic electron effects. We focus on presenting both the high-level design decisions that allow for model flexibility, as well as the most important implementation aspects. A significant number of verification and performance tests are presented, as well as a step-by-step walkthrough of a simple example for setting up models using the Python interface

L’oralité mise en scène: syntaxe et phonologie – Introduction.

La linguistique prétend s’intéresser en priorité à l’oral – or, elle a pendant longtemps en majorité étudié de l’écrit. Cela s’explique tout d’abord par des contraintes techniques: avant l’invention du phonographe en 1877, nous n’avons aucun accès direct à l’oral. Même de nos jours, le recueil d’enregistrements oraux reste encore trop rare; la construction et analyse de grands corpus sont coûteuses. Dans une perspective historique, il est bien évidemment très difficile de reconstruire l’oral à partir de l’écrit. Se pose cependant la question du statut de ces données: à quel point s’agit-il d’un oral « imité », « imaginé » ou même « manipulé »