Diseño de una investigación sobre el error de inversión y las bases neuronales subyacentes

La investigación sobre la enseñanza-aprendizaje de resolución de problemas verbales (RPV) se ha abordado desde perspectivas cognitivas o afectivas. Sin embargo, no es habitual tener en cuenta la importancia que tiene el desarrollo cerebral del alumnado en el aprendizaje. Varios estudios de neurociencia han examinado los procesos usados durante la RPV y cómo son adquiridos. Lee et al. (2007) en un estudio con adultos sobre la traducción de enunciados a ecuación, encontró activación en áreas cerebrales del córtex prefrontal y parietal asociadas con la memoria de trabajo y procesos atencionales. Curiosamente, un estudio con adolescentes y adultos durante la práctica de RPV (Qin et al. 2004), muestra que después de la práctica tanto los adultos como los adolescentes tienen una reducción de activación en áreas prefrontales

Cytotoxic and Antitumoral Activities of Compounds Isolated from Cucurbitaceae Plants

The WHO says that annual cases of cancer will increase from 14 million in 2012 to 22 million in the next two decades. Cancer is the second cause of death in the world; in 2015, it caused 8.8 million deaths. On the other hand, it is necessary to consider that 70% of the total deaths due to this disease occur in developing countries, who have the least resources to acquire the drugs of choice for the treatment of this disease. Although there are treatments and these are effective, there are currently cases of resistance to drugs used to treat this disease, which has led to the search for new sources of drugs or compounds effective against the cancer being active; plants are the possible sources to achieve this. Cucurbitaceae is a family of plants widely distributed on the planet which has been used traditionally for the treatment of this disease and from they have been isolated different cucurbitanes. These compounds possess a wide biological activity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, or cytotoxic and antitumoral effects. The aim of this review is to present 51 cucurbitacin compounds and 2 with different structures isolated from Cucurbitaceae plants with cytotoxic or antitumoral activity

La enfermedad de Kawasaki: actualidad

Kawasaki disease is an illness that causes vasculitis, predominantly in pediatric patients. In addition, it represents one of the most frequent causes of acquired heart disease in children around the world (especially among those in developed countries and particularly in Northeast Asia, since this pathological disorder is related with coronary arteries’ aneurysms as its most serious sequel in many cases). It should also be noted that, although progress has been made in terms of current knowledge of this pathology since 1967 (when the first reports of this clinical diagnosis were published), its pathogenesis is still debated since it is related to various immunological and genetic mechanisms still under study. However, despite the above, various therapies related to the application of immunoglobulins and certain anti-inflammatory agents are actually being used for its treatment on many occasions, the latter because it has been reported that they are relatively effective according to contemporary literature.La enfermedad de Kawasaki consiste en una vasculitis que se presenta predominantemente durante la edad pediátrica y que, además, representa una de las causas más frecuentes de cardiopatías adquiridas en niños de alrededor de todo el mundo (en especial entre aquellos de países desarrollados y con particular relevancia en el noreste asiático, puesto que este cuadro patológico puede provocar la aparición de aneurismas de las arterias coronarias como secuela de mayor gravedad en muchos casos). Cabe destacar también que, si bien se ha avanzado en cuanto a lo que el conocimiento actual de esta patología refiere desde 1967 (año en que los primeros informes de este cuadro clínico fueron publicados), su etiopatogenia aún sigue siendo debatida debido a que se relaciona a diversos mecanismos inmunológicos y genéticos aún en estudio; no obstante, a pesar de lo anterior, diversas terapias relacionadas con la aplicación de inmunoglobulinas y ciertos agentes antiinflamatorios son utilizadas para su tratamiento en bastantes ocasiones, esto último debido a que se ha visto que son relativamente eficaces según el entendimiento con el que se cuenta por el momento de esta patología

Effect of exercise on gut microbiota and metabolic status modulation in an in vivo model of early obesity and NAFLD

1 p.Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health concerns from this century, associated with metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and gut microbiota alterations. Physical exercise improves obesity and NAFLD progression, modulating the gut microbial balance. We aim to investigate the effect of physical exercise on gut microbiota and the metabolic status of an in vivo model of early obesity, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD. Resumen de un trabajo resultado del proyecto de investigación financiado por la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (referencia LE063U16)S

Beneficial effects of exercise on gut microbiota functionality and barrier integrity, and gut-liver axis crosstalk in an "in vivo" model of early obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

[EN]Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels, representing one of the most serious public health concerns associated with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There is limited clinical experience concerning pediatric NAFLD patients, and thus the therapeutic options are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of exercise on gut microbiota composition and functionality balance, and consequent effects on early obesity and NAFLD onset in an in vivo model. Juvenile (21-day-old) male Wistar rats fed a control diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) were subjected to a combined aerobic and resistance training protocol. Fecal microbiota was sequenced by an Illumina MiSeq system, and parameters related to metabolic syndrome, fecal metabolome, intestinal barrier integrity, bile acid metabolism and transport, and alteration of the gut-liver axis were measured. Exercise decreased HFD-induced body weight gain, metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis, as a result of its lipid metabolism modulatory capacity. Gut microbiota composition and functionality were substantially modified as a consequence of diet, age and exercise intervention. In addition, the training protocol increased Parabacteroides, Bacteroides and Flavobacterium genera, correlating with a beneficial metabolomic profile, whereas Blautia, Dysgonomonas and Porphyromonas showed an opposite pattern. Exercise effectively counteracted HFD-induced microbial imbalance, leading to intestinal barrier preservation, which, in turn, prevented deregulation of the gut-liver axis and improved bile acid homeostasis, determining the clinical outcomes of NAFLD. In conclusion, we provide scientific evidence highlighting the benefits of gut microbiota composition and functionality modulation by physical exercise protocols in the management of early obesity and NAFLD development.SIThis work was supported by grants from Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad ́ (BFU2017-87960-R), Junta de Castilla y León and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (LE063U16 and GRS1888/A/18). D.P. and S.C.-P. were supported by a fellowship from Junta de Castilla y León, co-financed by the European Social Fund. E.N. was supported by Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria of León. M.V.G.-M. was supported by contracts from the CIBERehd, which is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Short vs. long-distance avocado supply chains: Life cycle assessment Impact associated to transport and effect of fruit origin and supply conditions chain on primary and secondary metabolites

Avocado consumption and trade are increasing worldwide, with North America and Europe being the main importing regions. Spain is the major European avocado producer (90% of the production), yet it only supplies 10% of the market. Consequently, more than 90% of the avocados consumed in Europe are imported from overseas, mainly from Chile and Peru. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) impact associated with the transport of two avocado supply chains (short (Spanish) and long (Chilean)) and the effect of the fruit origin and distance of both chains on primary and secondary metabolites from harvest to edible ripeness were evaluated using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (LC-DAD) based metabolite analysis. The LCA transport impact of the fresh supply chain from production centers in Chile (Quillota) and Spain (Malaga), and then the distribution to several cities in Europe, suggested road export from Spain to European capitals to have the lowest impact (0.14 to 0.22 kg CO2 eq/kg of avocado). When export from Chile was considered, the option of oceanic freight to European ports closer to final destinations was clearly a better option (0.21 to 0.26 kg CO2 eq/kg) than via the Algeciras port in Spain followed by road transport to final destinations in European capitals (0.34 to 0.43 kg CO2 eq/kg), although the situation could be somewhat different if the avocados are transported from the destination ports in northern Europe to long-distance capitals in other European countries. Fruit origin had a significant impact on avocado primary and secondary metabolites. The conditions of the supply chain itself (10 d in cold storage in regular conditions vs. 30 d cold storage + controlled atmosphere conditions) largely influence the fate of some metabolites that certainly affect the pool of metabolites at edible ripeness. The long-assumed hypothesis that the longer the supply chain the more negative impact on nutritional and functional compounds might not hold in this case, as long as transport conditions are adequate in terms of temperature, atmosphere conditions, and time considering distance from origin to destination.This research was funded by Fondecyt Nº 1180303 and REDBIO0001 PCI from ANID (Chile) and for the RTI2018-099139-B-C21 from Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain)—National Research Agency (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, of the European Union. R. Pedreschi and E. Aguayo are thankful to the grant of Fundación Séneca (Murcia, Spain) through the “Jiménez de la Espada” Program of Visiting Researchers. This research was partially supported by the grant VRIEA-PUCV Nº 039.436/2020

Endosymbiont microbiota of meloidogyne javanica adult female infected by pasteuria penetrans

Antecedentes: Pasteuria penetrans es una bacteria no cultivable que parasita obligadamente a varias especies de nemátodos fitopatógenos. Factores endógenos reproductivos femeninos, vegetales o microbianos desconocidos son indispensables para la multiplicación y formación de endosporas de P. penetrans. Objetivo: Caracterizar las endosporas de P. penetrans mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr en muestras de hembras adultas de Meloidogyne javanica infectadas y microbiota de hembras adultas de M. javanica infectadas y no infectadas con P. penetrans mediante secuenciamiento de alto rendimiento de la región hipervariable V4 del gen 16S ARNr. Metodología: Se colectaron las raíces infectadas de viñedos, se extrajo nemátodos juveniles (J2) infectivos frescos para fijación de endosporas de P. penetrans y su inoculación en plantas de tomate. El ADN genómico y metagenómico de hembras adultas de M. javanica infectadas y no infectadas se extrajo para su secuenciamiento a partir de la región V4 del gen 16S ARNr de P. penetrans y su microbioma bacteriano. Las secuencias generadas fueron procesadas mediante software bioinformáticos para los análisis de índices de alfa y beta diversidad del microbioma bacteriano. Resultados: Se obtuvo un amplicón de 550 pares de bases con 98% identidad y homología a P. penetrans. El perfil taxonómico reveló la mayor diversidad y riqueza bacteriana en la microbiota relacionada a hembras adultas infectadas, siendo Proteobacteria la que se presentó en ambas muestras entre 45 al 83%, seguido de Firmicutes, Actinobacteria y Bacteroidetes con 19, 11 y 8% respectivamente a nivel de filo. Asimismo, se identificó géneros más abundantes asociados a la microbiota nativa del nemátodo adulto tales como Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium y Chitinophaga al 82,5, 15 y 2% respectivamente. En las hembras infectadas se registró a Paenibacillus, Pasteuria, Pseudomonas y Streptomyces con el 45, 7, 6 y 5% respectivamente, los más abundantes. Implicaciones: Los resultados sugieren la existencia géneros bacterianos en hembras de M. javanica infectadas involucrados en el desarrollo in vivo de endosporas de P. penetrans. Conclusiones: Esto revelaría una reducción del dominio de Pseudomonas favoreciendo la colonización de diferentes bacterias que cohabitan con P. penetrans, siendo este cambio en la composición microbiana un posible factor que favorece la multiplicación de endosporas de P. penetrans dentro del hospedero

Innovación y consolidación de la red HecoUSAL. Integración de la digitalidad en el aprendizaje servicio

Memoria ID-080 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021