To what extentd do judges make law in the Australian Common Law system?: Basis from the common law judicial law creation for continental law system

In the Common Law system judges have the power to create subsidiary laws: they make rules in strict sense. This Kind of power responds to a special way in which the Common Law develops and adapts itself to achieve the best rules for a given society. Understanding how the Australian law system works, as an example of a common law structure, and how judges interact with the parliament in the creation of the best rules of law -which makes the process coherent- is paramount for other legal systems that have a mixture of legal institutions from both civil and common law systems, as Colombia. Colombia has an unclear mixture of law systems, which generates an uncertainty of the application of the law producing both by judges and parliament, and serious structural law problems; so, understanding the basis of the common law system it is important to clarify the limits in the competence of each authority and the interaction between the law made by the Parliament and the one that the judges produce.In the Common Law system judges have the power to create subsidiary laws: they make rules in strict sense. This Kind of power responds to a special way in which the Common Law develops and adapts itself to achieve the best rules for a given society. Understanding how the Australian law system works, as an example of a common law structure, and how judges interact with the parliament in the creation of the best rules of law -which makes the process coherent- is paramount for other legal systems that have a mixture of legal institutions from both civil and common law systems, as Colombia. Colombia has an unclear mixture of law systems, which generates an uncertainty of the application of the law producing both by judges and parliament, and serious structural law problems; so, understanding the basis of the common law system it is important to clarify the limits in the competence of each authority and the interaction between the law made by the Parliament and the one that the judges produce

Reputational Risk and Corporate Social Responsibility: How to Make CSR Policies Attractive to Productive Corporations

In traditional economic theories, corporation main task is only to generate profits for the investors. However, in modern global economies, some companies have more money and power than many countries, many activist sectors and governments began to look closely at the role of those businesses in order to prevent abuses and environmental harm, and such an audit would create reputational risk that can strongly affect companies’ profits. Although some corporations undervalue Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies, these could be a way to mitigate reputational risks, generate competitive advantages and new forms of competition, increase the value of the stocks and shares, and be the key to sustainable business

Contract Interpretation Law in Australia: It Is a Maze, Not a Straight Way

In Australian common law system, there are discrepancies between the judicial decisions regarding the interpretation of contracts. In this research paper, I intend to clarify legal issues that cause these differences. In addition, I discuss the implications of adopting more specific rules in Australia. To do so, I compare the Australian case to other countries with civil law systems that have established similar norms. Then, I advocate for developing and adopting a law that is in accordance with current international principles

The role of property rights in commercial agreements

The form of a state depends widely in the way that the state treats the property rights. ‘Every definition of property has direct consequences for the question of the distribution of economic wealth and power, the role of governments and the autonomy of citizens’ (Gray & Edgeworth, 2003) and so property is always a paramount issue for a State. Most of the Western countries have adopted democratic political systems and a capitalist economical system of production in where is necessary to give recognition to private property. This paper aims to present how transfers of property take place under Common Law, focusing on personal property issues, and comparing them with other legal systems in South America that have different rules for transfer of property

LA CONSTITUCIONALIZACIÓN DEL DERECHO PRIVADO

La Academia se hace con base en las posiciones distintas que brindan temas de análisis encontrados. Les hablo de un tema que me preocupa mucho, es el tema de la constitucionalización del Derecho Privado

Arbitraje comercial internacional: Algunas cuestiones practicas basadas en el Derecho australiano y colombiano

This article aims to explore some of the main aspects and practical problems to have in mind when readers are getting familiar with international commercial arbitration. The text does not pretend to be a profound analysis of the international commercial arbitration institutions, but to review some of the main topics to take into account to begin studying this settlement dispute system.This article aims to explore some of the main aspects and practical problems to have in mind when readers are getting familiar with international commercial arbitration. The text does not pretend to be a profound analysis of the international commercial arbitration institutions, but to review some of the main topics to take into account to begin studying this settlement dispute system Este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar algunos de los principales aspectos y problemas prácticos a tener en cuenta cuando los lectores se están familiarizando con el arbitraje comercial internacional. El texto no pretende ser un análisis profundo de las instituciones de arbitraje comercial internacional, sino una revisión de los principales temas a tener en cuenta para comenzar a estudiar este método de resolución de conflictos&nbsp

La Naturaleza Jurídica del Derecho Comunitario Andino

The subject matter of Andino Community Law or Andino Integration Law or the Andino legal system has not been the object of permanent analysis by scientific research. It is for the foregoing that in these lines, it is intended to identify the main antecedents to Andean community law; establish the relationship between the referenced regulatory framework and Constitutional Law; develop the legal nature or raison d’être of Andean Community Law and establish some proposals to achieve the viabi- lity of said law. The research methodology used was qualitative, however, the manuscript has tried to describe the legal nature of Andean Community Law, under the dogmatic research method, since it has tried to explain the Andean legal order, as it is, contextualizing it for the sake of making it more intelligibleLa temática propia del Derecho Comunitario Andino o Derecho Andino de la Integración u Ordenamiento Jurídico Andino no ha sido objeto de análisis permanente por la investigación científica. Es por lo anterior que, en las presentes líneas, se pretende identificar los principales antecedentes al derecho comunitario andino; establecer la relación entre el referenciado marco normativo y el Derecho Constitucional; desarrollar la naturaleza jurídica o razón de ser del Derecho Comunitario Andino y establecer algunas propuestas en aras de lograr la viabilidad del citado derecho La metodología de investigación empleada fue la cualitativa como quiera que el manuscrito ha pretendido describir la naturaleza jurídica del Derecho Comunitario Andino, bajo el método de investigación dogmático, ya que se ha pretendido explicar el orden jurídico andino, tal como es, contextualizándolo en aras de hacerlo más inteligibl

Diarrea neonatal bovina en un hato del antiplano norte de Antioquia (Colombia), un estudio descriptivo

ABSTRACT: Bovine neonatal diarrhea is a disease, with etiology that can be infectious or non-infectious, which affects calves during the first three and causes serious economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. This study describes the disease in a dairy herd in the Northern Antioquia Highlands. A cohort of 60 calves was evaluated during the first month of life through clinical examinations, haematological and serology analysis, and ELISA in fecal samples to detect Cryptosporidium parvum, bovine rotavirus type A, bovine coronavirus and E. coli K99. Additionally, the concentration of immunoglobulin in the colostrum administered and the passive transfer of immunoglobulin were estimated. Proportions of morbidity because of diarrhea were 94.92%, general mortality 17.58%, and lethality 15.79%. Among the group of sick animals 89.47%, 47.37%, 7.02% and 0% were found for each pathogenic agent respectively. A high percentage of animals with reactive lymphocytes were observed which indicates parasitic or viral infection. The results obtained from this study suggest that circulation of agents involved in bovine neonatal diarrhea can exist in the area, which generates concern because of the unknown sanitary status in the Northern Antioquia Highlands.RESUMEN: La diarrea neonatal bovina es una enfermedad cuya etiología puede ser infecciosa o no infecciosa, afecta los neonatos bovinos especialmente durante las tres primeras semanas de vida y causa serias pérdidas económicas en el sector lechero a nivel mundial. En este estudio se describió la enfermedad en un hato de producción lechera en el altiplano norte de Antioquia. Se evaluó una cohorte de 60 terneros durante su primer mes de vida mediante examen clínico, análisis hematológicos, de serología, y ELISA en materia fecal para Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus bovino tipo A, coronavirus bovino y E. coli K99. Adicionalmente, se estimó la concentración de inmunoglobulinas en el calostro suministrado y la transferencia pasiva de inmunoglobulinas. Se encontraron proporciones de morbilidad por diarrea de 94,92%, mortalidad general de 17,58% y letalidad del 15,79%. Entre los animales enfermos se encontró un porcentaje de 89,47%, 47,37%, 7,02% y 0% para cada agente patógeno respectivamente. Se evidenció un alto porcentaje de animales con linfocitos reactivos, lo que indica la infección con agentes parasitarios o virales. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio sugieren que puede existir circulación de agentes involucrados en la diarrea neonatal bovina en la zona, lo que genera preocupación por el desconocimiento del estatus sanitario del altiplano norte de Antioquia en general

Riesgo Reputacional y Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: Cómo Hacer que las Políticas RSE sean Atractivas para las Empresas Productivas

In traditional economic theories, corporation main task is only to generate profits for the investors. However, in modern global economies, some companies have more money and power than many countries, many activist sectors and governments began to look closely at the role of those businesses in order to prevent abuses and environmental harm, and such an audit would create reputational risk that can strongly affect companies’ profits.Although some corporations undervalue Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies, these could be a way to mitigate reputational risks, generate competitive advantages and new forms of competition, increase the value of the stocks and shares, and be the key to sustainable business.En las teorías económicas tradicionales, la tarea principal de la corporación es sólo para generar beneficios para los inversores. Sin embargo, en las economías mundiales modernas, algunas empresas tienen más dinero y poder que muchos países, muchos sectores activistas y gobiernos comenzaron a examinar de cerca el papel de esas empresas para prevenir abusos y daños ambientales y tal auditoría crearía riesgo reputacional Que pueden afectar fuertemente los beneficios de las empresas.Aunque algunas corporaciones infravaloran las políticas de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSE), éstas podrían ser una forma de mitigar los riesgos de reputación, generar ventajas competitivas y nuevas formas de competencia, aumentar el valor de las acciones y ser la clave para un negocio sostenible

Basel and Securitization: Conflicting Incentives and Rationales

The financial crisis presented in 2007 has a number of similar factors with the 1929 crisis; an environment of economic deregulation preceded both. There are in banking systems a series of incentives and rationales that, depending on the position occupied in the financial market, are constantly in conflict with the regulation and with the principles set out in Basel for the proper functioning of the system. Consequently under the creation of new mechanisms, such as the securization or the futures market, the incentives will greatly influence the financial market actors, to not comply with their obligations (Basel I, II, and III), because they could achieve greater profit for them and for the institutions they work for. Therefore the measures contained in Basel III, as a reaction from the financial crisis (based primarily on increasing risk capital and reduce leverage), could if not accompanied by an effective policy control, will not be efficient in the long term to control the market, so may be a new economic crisis will occur.La crisis financiera presentada en el 2007 reviste una serie de factores similares a lo que generó la crisis de 1929, precedidas por un ambiente de desregulación económica. Existen entonces dentro de los sistemas bancarios una serie de incentivos y racionalidades que, dependiendo de la posición que se ocupe dentro del mercado financiero, están constantemente en conflicto con la regulación y en especial con los principios establecidos en Basilea para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema. En consecuencia al presentarse nuevos mecanismos de negocios, como la titulación o el mercado de futuros, estos incentivos van a influenciar enormemente en los agentes del mercado financiero, para que incumplan sus obligaciones (Basilea I, II, y III). Así logran una mayor ganancia tanto para ellos como para las instituciones a las que pertenecen. Por lo anterior las medidas contenidas en Basilea III, que se basan principalmente en aumentar el capital de riesgo y disminuir el apalancamiento, si no se acompañan con una política de control efectiva, teniendo en cuenta los incentivos y al agente racional dentro del mercado, no van a ser eficientes en el largo plazo, siendo posible que se produzca una nueva crisis económica, si se encuentra un nuevo instrumento financiero apto para ello