Shadow detection using color and edge information.

Shadows appear in many scenes. Human can easily distinguish shadows from objects, but it is one of the challenges for shadow detection intelligent automated systems. Accurate shadow detection can be difficult due to the illumination variations of the background and similarity between appearance of the objects and the background. Color and edge information are two popular features that have been used to distinguish cast shadows from objects. However, this become a problem when the difference of color information between object, shadow and background is poor, the edge of the shadow area is not clear and the shadow detection method is supposed to use only color or edge information method. In this article a shadow detection method using both color and edge information is presented. In order to improve the accuracy of shadow detection using color information, a new formula is used in the denominator of original c1 c2 c3. In addition using the hue difference of foreground and background is proposed. Furthermore, edge information is applied separately and the results are combined using a Boolean operator

A block-based multi-scale background extraction algorithm

Problem statement: To extract the moving objects, vision-based surveillance systems subtract the current image from a predefined background image. The efficiency of these systems mainly depends on accuracy of the extracted background image. It should be able to adapt to the changes continuously. In addition, especially in real-time applications the time complexity of this adaptation is a critical matter. Approach: In this study, to extract an adaptive background, a combination of blocking and multi-scale methods is presented. Because of being less sensitive to local movements, block-based techniques are proper to control the non-stationary objects movements, especially in outdoor applications. They can be useful to reduce the effect of these objects on the extracted background. We also used the blocking method to intelligently select the regions which the temporal filtering has to be applied on. In addition, an amended multi-scale algorithm is introduced. This algorithm is a hybrid algorithm, a combination of some nonparametric and parametric filters. It uses a nonparametric filter in the spatial domain to initiate two primary backgrounds. In continue two adapted two-dimensional filters will be used to extract the final background. Results: The qualitative and quantitative results of our experiments certify not only the quality of the final extracted background is acceptable, but also its time consumption is approximately half in compare to the similar methods. Conclusion: Using Multi scaling filtering and applying the filters just to some selected nonoverlapped blocks reduce the time consumption of the extracting background algorithm

A texture descriptor: BackGround Local Binary Pattern (BGLBP)

Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is invariant to the monotonic changes in the grey scale domain. This property enables LBP to present a texture descriptor being useful in applications dealing with the local illumination changes. However, the existing versions of LBP are not able to handle image illumination changes, especially in outdoor environments. The non-patterned illumination changes disturb performance of the background extraction methods. In this paper, an extended version of LBP which is called BackGround LBP (BGLBP) is presented. BGLBP is designed for the background extraction application but it is extendable to the other areas as a texture descriptor. BGLBP is an extension of D-LBP, Centre-Symmetric LBP, ULBP, and R-LBP and it has been designed to inherit the positive properties of previous versions. The performance of BGLBP as a part of background extraction method is investigated. In addition, a comparison between BGLBP as a general texture descriptor and a number of LBP versions is conducted

The Relationship between Use of Social Networks Facebook and Social Well-Being of Students in Isfahan University

Introduction:social networks have been established around the world to communicate between individuals But as the most popular social network, Facebook network in most countries welcome the public, especially the younger generation is facing and now one of the most showbiz world sites that many people in different walks of life and has attracted Facebook users join the network through activities such as sharing music, Thoughts  Film, play, announcing the public to communicate with each other to form groups various messages. Social networks can be used and influence in various fields of cultural, personal, social, and mental .One of the areas with the presence of virtual social networks is to change, is social wellbeing especially in members of the younger generation. Students are among the largest range of audiences and activist networks are Facebook. they familiar with cyber space in university because of the possibilities for using the Internet And this space, cognitive orientation, emotional, cultural and practical that overshadowed them That consequence of the impact on all aspects of life, including social wellbeing of individuals, so The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between use of Facebook social networks and Social wellbeing among students in Isfahan University.Materials &Method:The research method was survey or descriptive. The population of all the students was studying in the academic year 1391- 1392 that 300 students of which selected with Random cluster sampling method as sample size. The sample selected of humanities - Engineering and Basic Sciences departments. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire that was made by researchers to relationships social wellbeing and usage of social network Facebook, which included three parts: demographic information (age, gender, profession, and education), social networking and social wellbeing. Questions of social wellbeing according to the Keynesian approach as a model for defining and providing indicators of social health in five dimensions of social cohesion, social acceptance, social participation, social adaptation and social progress was made.Questions the usage of social networks such as internet speed, internet access and the skills to use the Internet was built five degree range. To valid questionnaires were administered on a sample of 30 individuals other than members of the group by using the software Spss19 overall Cranach's alpha of 85%.Discussion of result &Conclusion:Descriptive analysis of the data showed that the largest age group of Facebook user was 18 -23 with %82. In terms of gender, in this study, more female students with 69% than male students were using the Facebook network. Also undergraduate students with %67 compared to the master and PhD used the Facebook network. The highest use of the network between 2 to 3 hours a day.  Average student use of social network Facebook is 4/91 to score higher in this network gives students and it shows the popularity of the network with students. Users of social wellbeing were 91/60, which represents the average score on the community's social wellbeing.  Among Subscales of social wellbeing, social acceptance scale with the highest average score of 20/15 and social adjustment scale showed the lowest average 17/74. There was an inverse relation between the use of social network Facebook and Social wellbeing of students But this is in reverse order means that with the increasing use of social networks Facebook social wellbeing of users decreases .Also  among the subscales of Social wellbeing, Social cohesion, Social acceptance ,Social conformity and Social prosperity subscales  had  significant negative relationship with social network Facebook  and only Social partnership Subscales has significant positive relationship with Facebook network And the use of social network Facebook relationship with the participation of the user community and was associated with increased use of social network participation rate increases. This result can be interpreted that by increasing the use of individual Facebook network groups and members familiar with several different classifications and trying to accustom them according to your interests and this subject was Extensive communication to establish yourself and this increased social participation in activities and programs for groups of users, and many more participate. Today virtual network environment different from the traditional interaction between people is established that this effect is undeniably left social relations, Therefore, regardless of the requirements such as gender, class, ethnicity, race and place and connect with each other based on their new identities show, so In this space coherence, compliance, social acceptance, and the users decrease the amount of time your alienation and the society in which it is a member feels. Also in cyberspace more people are trying to follow other members of a virtual community comply with the models and criteria so, The development of social and individual creativity are reduced over time to those without creativity and become a follower of the values and interests of others. Despite significant relationship in this study between social networks and social wellbeing of students has proven to be highly suggested various institutions was thinking about the culture and proper use of social networks such as Facebook among young people

Designing and cloning a MaSp1-based synthetic gene in binary vector for transient expression in cotton fiber

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important crop in the world and increasing its fiber quality is very cr-ucial for textile industries. Spider silk is the strongest and most elastic fiber ever known in the nature. Cotton is one of the main crops in the world and increasing its fiber quality is very important for textile industries. In this regard, a synt-hetic construct has been designed to offer spider silk quality to cotton fibers by fiber-specific expression of Major am-pullate spidroin1 (MaSp1) gene under control of core sequence of GaRD22-like1 promoter. The synthetic construct was double digested by the EcoRI and NheI and sub-cloned in pCAMBIA1304 binary vector. E.coli DH5α was transformed using new plasmid namely pCSP. Ligation and intact backbone of plasmid was conformed using MaSp1 and hygrom-ycin re-sistance genes specific primers and finally with EcoRI/NheI double digestion. Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 was transformed with pCSP to transform cotton ovules of Varamin cultivar. The expression of MaSp1 in co-tton ovules and fibers showed that this synthetic sequence had been successfully expressed under control of GaRDL1 core promoter and this construct without codon optimization could be used for cotton transformation and its fiber qual-ity manipulation