115 research outputs found

    Secondary Instabilities of Surface Waves on Viscous Fluids in the Faraday Instability

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    Secondary instabilities of Faraday waves show three regimes: (1) As seen previously, low-viscosity (nu) fluids destabilize first into squares. At higher driving accelerations a, squares show low-frequency modulations corresponding to the motion of phase defects, while theory predicts a stationary transverse amplitude modulation (TAM). (2) High-nu fluids destabilize first to stripes. Stripes then show an oscillatory TAM whose frequency is incommensurate with the driving frequency. At higher a, the TAM undergoes a phase instability. At still higher a, edge dislocations form and fluid droplets are ejected. (3) Intermediate-nu fluids show a complex coexistence of squares and stripes, as well as stationary and oscillatory TAM instabilities of the stripes.Comment: REVTEX, with 3 separate uuencoded figures, to appear in Europhys. Let

    Superlattice Patterns in Surface Waves

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    We report novel superlattice wave patterns at the interface of a fluid layer driven vertically. These patterns are described most naturally in terms of two interacting hexagonal sublattices. Two frequency forcing at very large aspect ratio is utilized in this work. A superlattice pattern ("superlattice-I") consisting of two hexagonal lattices oriented at a relative angle of 22^o is obtained with a 6:7 ratio of forcing frequencies. Several theoretical approaches that may be useful in understanding this pattern have been proposed. In another example, the waves are fully described by two superimposed hexagonal lattices with a wavelength ratio of sqrt(3), oriented at a relative angle of 30^o. The time dependence of this "superlattice-II" wave pattern is unusual. The instantaneous patterns reveal a time-periodic stripe modulation that breaks the 6-fold symmetry at any instant, but the stripes are absent in the time average. The instantaneous patterns are not simply amplitude modulations of the primary standing wave. A transition from the superlattice-II state to a 12-fold quasi-crystalline pattern is observed by changing the relative phase of the two forcing frequencies. Phase diagrams of the observed patterns (including superlattices, quasicrystalline patterns, ordinary hexagons, and squares) are obtained as a function of the amplitudes and relative phases of the driving accelerations.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures (gif), to appear in Physica

    Les baobabs de Madagascar : quel cadre réglementaire pour leur conservation ?

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    With lemurs, baobabs are the most emblematic species of Madagascar internationally. Seven species of the nine existing in the world are Madagascan endemic. This fact testifies the high rate of the biodiversity of the island. Having signed a number of international conventions, Madagascar intends to underline its commitment to the management and conservation of its natural resources. The international system of conservation framing is used for the implementation of national strategy. Thus, in addition to the international system of conservation systems such as the CBD, IUCN or CITES, baobabs of Madagascar are considered as non - timber forest products according to Decree N. 2915/87 of 7 September 1987 related to products accessories forest even if no term is clearly stipulated in this text. Moreover, there is no regulatory framework or specific text about conservation or exploitation of baobabs in Madagascar. Protected areas are then the only protection structures for baobabs. All species of Malagasy baobabs are represented in protected areas but their representation differs depending on the distribution of each species. Except for two protected areas, the baobab is not yet among the specific targets of conservation of protected areas in Madagascar. Adansonia grandidieri is an exception. It benefits indeed from two regional frameworks that specify measures to protect the species and priority activities to be undertaken for the species with the Dinan'ny Menabe and the regional conservation strategy for the species validated in 2013. At the local level, tools and instruments governing the management transfer could constitute framing elements for the management of baobabs. Some species have in fact non-negligible economic values without forgetting the cultural and religious values of some baobab trees. The implementation of the strategy for the conservation of each species is necessary at all levels especially in protected areas as three species are classified as ‘Endangered’ by IUCN. The conservation is necessary to ensure both sustainability of the species and integrity of all uses of baobabs.   RĂ©sumĂ© Avec les lĂ©muriens, les baobabs sont certainement reconnus dans le monde comme l’un des groupes les plus emblĂ©matiques de Madagascar. La Grande Île abrite six espĂšces endĂ©miques dont trois ‘En Danger’ sur la liste rouge de l’UICN et trois ‘Quasi - menacĂ©es’. Cet article se propose de passer en revue les dispositions mises en place ainsi que les opportunitĂ©s et limites de la conservation et de la gestion durable des baobabs endĂ©miques de Madagascar. En ratifiant les conventions internationales sur la diversitĂ© biologique (CDB) et sur le commerce international des espĂšces menacĂ©es (CITES), Madagascar s’est engagĂ© Ă  assurer la conservation et la gestion durable des baobabs, plus particuliĂšrement celles des espĂšces menacĂ©es. Cependant, selon l’ArrĂȘtĂ© n° 2915/87 du 7 septembre 1987 sur les produits accessoires des forĂȘts, les baobabs de Madagascar sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme des produits forestiers non ligneux pouvant ĂȘtre exploitĂ©s et aucune disposition n’a Ă©tĂ© prise pour gĂ©rer durablement leur exploitation. La prĂ©sence des baobabs est confirmĂ©e dans 35 zones protĂ©gĂ©es mais, Ă  l’exception de l’AllĂ©e des Baobabs et de la Montagne des Français, les baobabs ne sont pas considĂ©rĂ©s comme des cibles de conservation mais davantage comme des Ă©lĂ©ments profitant d’une protection intrinsĂšque en faisant partie intĂ©grante d’habitats ciblĂ©s pour la conservation. Seule Adansonia grandidieri bĂ©nĂ©ficie de mesures de conservation rĂ©gionales par la mise en place du Dinan’ny Menabe et de la stratĂ©gie de conservation de l’espĂšce dans la RĂ©gion du Menabe. Or les pressions observĂ©es actuellement et les prospectives portant sur l’aire de distribution des deux autres espĂšces classĂ©es ‘En Danger’ que sont A. perrieri et A. suarezensis justifient la mise en place de stratĂ©gies de conservation.

    A conservation assessment of Rousettus madagascariensis (Grandidier, 1929, Pteropodidae) roosts in eastern Madagascar

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    We visited four cave roosts of the near threatened, and endemic, fruit bat Rousettus madagascariensis over a five year period and found major threats to the bats from hunting and deforestation. The conservation of this species is particularly challenging because it is legally hunted inside its cave roosts. Although provisional protected area status was obtained for two sites with community support, hunting continued. R. madagascariensis roosts were associated with humid forest and the loss of vegetation around caves rendered them unsuitable for the bats at two abandoned sites. A few individual hunters can have a rapid and destructive impact on R. madagascariensis roosts and future initiatives in this area should involve working with hunters to develop realistic solutions to reduce hunting. These efforts need to be supported by habitat protection measures.  RÉSUMÉ L’espĂšce de chauve-souris frugivore Quasi MenacĂ©e Rousettus madagascariensis est endĂ©mique Ă  Madagascar. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© quatre gĂźtes dans des grottes oĂč cette espĂšce a Ă©tabli des dortoirs diurnes en procĂ©dant Ă  des visites multiples au cours d’une pĂ©riode de cinq ans et avons trouvĂ© que la chasse et la dĂ©forestation constituaient les principales menaces pesant sur R. madagascariensis. La conservation de cette espĂšce est particuliĂšrement difficile dans la mesure oĂč la chasse dans ses dortoirs ou gĂźtes est permise. Bien que les deux sites abritant l’espĂšce bĂ©nĂ©ficient du statut de Nouvelle Aire ProtĂ©gĂ©e avec le soutien de la communautĂ© locale, la chasse ne cesse de s’intensifier. Les gĂźtes de R. madagascariensis sont associĂ©s Ă  la forĂȘt humide, de sorte que la disparition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation arborĂ©e autour de deux de ces gĂźtes les a rendus impropres Ă  hĂ©berger R. madagascariensis qui a fini par les abandonner. La disparition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation arborĂ©e autour du gĂźte pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’un changement de microclimat Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de la grotte qui constitue le gĂźte diurne. Les activitĂ©s de certains chasseurs peuvent aussi avoir un impact destructif rapide sur les gĂźtes de R. madagascariensis et des initiatives Ă  mener conjointement avec les chasseurs sont nĂ©cessaires pour Ă©laborer des mesures rĂ©alistes afin de rĂ©duire la chasse. De tels efforts doivent ĂȘtre Ă©tendus et appuyĂ©s par des mesures de protection de l'habitat car plusieurs autres gĂźtes pourraient exister dans les forĂȘts du versant est de Madagascar et subir les mĂȘmes pressions anthropiques. Des recherches rĂ©centes ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que l’histoire naturelle de R. madagascariensis est Ă©troitement liĂ©e Ă  la forĂȘt naturelle, de sorte que la perte de la biodiversitĂ© de la forĂȘt naturelle malgache menace les plantes dont se nourrit cette espĂšce ainsi que l’équilibre de l’ensemble de l’écosystĂšme dont elle dĂ©pend.

    Preliminary fish survey of Lac Tseny in northwestern Madagascar

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    We surveyed the fish fauna of Lac Tseny, in the Sofia Region of northwestern Madagascar, during October 2010 by observing commercial catches and targeted netting of areas used by endemic species. We recorded seven native fish species at the lake, including three endemic cichlids, a herring and a catfish. We confirmed the continued survival of the Critically Endangered Paretroplus menarambo, as well as the presence of a Paretroplus taxon that may be new to science. The commercial fishery in the lake is sustained by introduced tilapiines and the native Savagella robusta. The three endemic cichlids (Paretroplus spp.) were not targeted by commercial fishermen, but when caught in small numbers were retained for domestic consumption. Submerged trees in the west of the lake restrict fishing with nets and probably provide important habitat for P. menarambo. Priority next steps at the lake include (i) additional surveys and biological studies of the endemic fish species and the Critically Endangered Madagascar big-headed turtle, Erymnochelys madagascariensis, (ii) clarification of the taxonomic status of Paretroplus cf. kieneri and, should it prove a new taxon, its formal scientific description, and (iii) continued engagement with fishing communities and authorities to promote practices that benefit livelihoods and the survival of threatened fish species.   RÉSUMÉ La composition spĂ©cifique de l'ichtyofaune du lac Tseny, dans l'ouest de Madagascar (rĂ©gion de Sofia) a Ă©tĂ© inventoriĂ©e au cours du mois d’octobre 2010, en observant les prises des pĂȘcheurs et des pĂȘches ciblĂ©es sur les espĂšces endĂ©miques. Sept espĂšces de poissons indigĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s, dont trois cichlidĂ©s endĂ©miques (Paretroplus menarambo, Paretroplus lamenabe et Paretroplus cf. kieneri), un hareng indigĂšne (Sauvagella robusta) et un poisson-chat (Arius madagascariensis). Deux de ces espĂšces sont classĂ©es comme MenacĂ©es dans la Liste Rouge de l'UICN : P. menarambo est une espĂšce en Danger Critique d’Extinction qui n’est connue que du lac Tseny et A. madagascariensis est une espĂšce en Danger d’Extinction et endĂ©mique de la rĂ©gion de Sofia. Un des poissons que nous avons inventoriĂ© dans le genre Paretroplus semble ĂȘtre une forme non dĂ©crite. Les pĂȘcheurs ont indiquĂ© que P. menarambo est associĂ© Ă  des arbres immergĂ©s le long de la rive occidentale du lac qui offrent un habitat propice Ă  la reproduction et Ă  l'alimentation. Ces arbres immergĂ©s empĂȘchent l'utilisation des filets pour la pĂȘche et limitent ainsi la pression de pĂȘche qui s’exerce sur cette espĂšce. Les trois espĂšces endĂ©miques de Paretroplus sont prisĂ©es par les pĂȘcheurs qui les gardent pour leur consommation personnelle plutĂŽt que de les vendre. La pĂȘche commerciale pratiquĂ©e dans le lac semble pĂ©renne grĂące Ă  la prĂ©sence de tilapias allogĂšnes et du hareng indigĂšne (Sauvagella robusta) qui approvisionnent les marchĂ©s de poisson local (Tsaratanana), rĂ©gionaux (Boriziny et Mandritsara) et national (Antananarivo). Les populations locales ont rapportĂ© que la surpĂȘche, l'immigration, l’utilisation illĂ©gale de filets Ă  petit maillage et le non respect de la saison de fermeture de la pĂȘche Ă©taient les principales menaces pesant sur l’ichtyofaune du lac Tseny. Une baisse de la pĂȘche commerciale pourrait entraĂźner une ruĂ©e vers les espĂšces endĂ©miques et l'ouverture des zones d’arbres immergĂ©s pour la pĂȘche. Le lac Tseny abrite un assemblage unique de poissons qui doivent ĂȘtre protĂ©gĂ©s dans leur habitat qui est essentiel aux cichlidĂ©s endĂ©miques par le maintien d'une pĂȘche commerciale pĂ©renne. Les prochaines Ă©tapes Ă  mener en prioritĂ© pour le lac incluent : (i) des Ă©tudes supplĂ©mentaires sur la biologie des poissons endĂ©miques et de la PodocnĂ©mide de Madagascar (Erymnochelys madagascariensis), une tortue en Danger Critique d’Extinction, (ii) la clarification du statut taxinomique de Paretroplus cf. kieneri qui pourrait ĂȘtre une nouvelle espĂšce et sa description, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, et (iii) l’engagement continu avec les communautĂ©s de pĂȘcheurs et les autoritĂ©s locales pour promouvoir des pratiques Ă©quitables en faveur des populations riveraines et pour la survie des espĂšces de poissons menacĂ©es

    Three flying fox (Pteropodidae: Pteropus rufus) roosts, three conservation challenges in southeastern Madagascar

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    We visited three roosts of the Madagascar flying fox Pteropus rufus in December 2005 in the Anosy Region. Colony size was 900 at Berenty Private Reserve, 412 at Amborabao and 54 at Sainte Luce, based on single counts at each site. Hunting at the roost is prohibited at Berenty but P. rufus is trapped at night in the area surrounding the reserve, where it feeds on sisal. At Amborabao, the bats roost in a sacred forest and hunting is forbidden. At Sainte Luce, the forest is highly degraded and the bats are hunted frequently, despite efforts to engage the local community in forest conservation. Questionnaires with people living near the roosts revealed the flying foxes were regarded as pests of litchis in Amborabao and Sainte Luce. Berenty is the only site where tourists are able to observe roosting P. rufus. The role of sacred forests and local taboos (fady) is very relevant for P. rufus conservation and might be the only practical mechanism in sites where legislation on hunting and land use is not being enforced. RÉSUMÉTrois gĂźtes de Pteropus rufus ont Ă©tĂ© visitĂ©s dans la rĂ©gion Anosy en dĂ©cembre 2005. La population Ă©tait composĂ©e de 900 individus Ă  Berenty, 412 Ă  Amborabao et 54 Ă  Sainte Luce, le comptage ayant Ă©tĂ© fait une seule fois dans chaque gĂźte. La chasse au dortoir est interdite Ă  Berenty mais P. rufus est capturĂ© la nuit, lorsque les individus se nourrissent dans les plantations de sisal environnantes. A Amborabao, le dortoir se trouve dans une forĂȘt sacrĂ©e oĂč la chasse est interdite. A Sainte Luce, la forĂȘt est extrĂȘmement dĂ©gradĂ©e et les chauves-souris sont chassĂ©es frĂ©quemment malgrĂ© les efforts pour impliquer la communautĂ© locale dans la conservation de la forĂȘt. Les interviews avec les gens vivant prĂšs des dortoirs ont montrĂ© que les P. rufus sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme nuisibles car consommateurs de fruits de litchis Ă  Amborabao et Sainte Luce. Berenty est le seul site oĂč les touristes peuvent observer P. rufus au dortoir. Les forĂȘts sacrĂ©es, les croyances locales et les tabous (fady) sont importants pour la conservation de P. rufus et pourraient ĂȘtre les seuls facteurs pour expliquer le respect des rĂ©gulations cynĂ©gĂ©tiques et fonciĂšres

    Amplitude equations and pattern selection in Faraday waves

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    We present a systematic nonlinear theory of pattern selection for parametric surface waves (Faraday waves), not restricted to fluids of low viscosity. A standing wave amplitude equation is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations that is of gradient form. The associated Lyapunov function is calculated for different regular patterns to determine the selected pattern near threshold. For fluids of large viscosity, the selected wave pattern consists of parallel stripes. At lower viscosity, patterns of square symmetry are obtained in the capillary regime (large frequencies). At lower frequencies (the mixed gravity-capillary regime), a sequence of six-fold (hexagonal), eight-fold, ... patterns are predicted. The regions of stability of the various patterns are in quantitative agreement with recent experiments conducted in large aspect ratio systems.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, Revte

    Proceedings of the second "international Traveling Workshop on Interactions between Sparse models and Technology" (iTWIST'14)

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    The implicit objective of the biennial "international - Traveling Workshop on Interactions between Sparse models and Technology" (iTWIST) is to foster collaboration between international scientific teams by disseminating ideas through both specific oral/poster presentations and free discussions. For its second edition, the iTWIST workshop took place in the medieval and picturesque town of Namur in Belgium, from Wednesday August 27th till Friday August 29th, 2014. The workshop was conveniently located in "The Arsenal" building within walking distance of both hotels and town center. iTWIST'14 has gathered about 70 international participants and has featured 9 invited talks, 10 oral presentations, and 14 posters on the following themes, all related to the theory, application and generalization of the "sparsity paradigm": Sparsity-driven data sensing and processing; Union of low dimensional subspaces; Beyond linear and convex inverse problem; Matrix/manifold/graph sensing/processing; Blind inverse problems and dictionary learning; Sparsity and computational neuroscience; Information theory, geometry and randomness; Complexity/accuracy tradeoffs in numerical methods; Sparsity? What's next?; Sparse machine learning and inference.Comment: 69 pages, 24 extended abstracts, iTWIST'14 website: http://sites.google.com/site/itwist1
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