Optimasi Formula Losio Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Super Merah (Hylocereus Costaricensis)

Paparan sinar matahari yang berlebihan dan berlangsung lama dapat menyebabkan eritema dan kulit terbakar, penuaan dini, dan kanker kulit. Salah satu bentuk sediaan kosmetik yang dapat digunakan untuk melindungi kulit adalah losio yang mengandung zat aktif tabir surya. Ekstrak kulit buah naga super merah adalah bahan alam yang memiliki efek antioksidan dan tabir surya. Optimasi formula losio tabir surya dilakukan menggunakan metode D-optimal dengan 2 faktor yaitu ekstrak kulit buah naga super merah sebagai bahan aktif dengan kisaran konsentrasi 9-12% dan natrium alginat 3-6% dari seluruh komponen losio sebagai peningkat viskositas. Nilai SPF, viskositas, dan daya sebar ditetapkan sebagai respon. Losio yang dihasilkan berwarna coklat, berbentuk semipadat khas losio, homogen, beraroma khas minyak mawar, pH sesuai syarat SNI dengan tipe emulsi minyak dalam air (M/A). Hasil respon yang diperoleh dari 11 formula menghasilkan nilai SPF dengan kisaran 6,64–14,12, nilai viskositas 10333 – 13000 cp yang memenuhi standar SNI, dan nilai daya sebar 6,52–7,92 cm. Formula optimum hasil prediksi D-optimal menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Expert® 7.1.5 ditetapkan konsentrasi ekstrak 12% dan natrium alginat 3%. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak dan Na alginat menunjukkan pengaruh yang tidak signifikan terhadap ketiga respon

Pengaruh Suhu dan Persen Katalis Zeolit terhadap Yield Pirolisis Limbah Plastik Polypropylene (PP)

Increasing population growth leads to increased plastic waste resulting in adverse environmental impacts, If not further processed. This research was conducted to convert plastic waste into fuel oil using synthetic zeolite catalyst. The purpose of this research is to see the influence of temperature variation and percent catalyst / plastic. A total of 100 grams of polypropylene plastic type were crushed in a batch reactor at a temperature of 300 ° C, 350 ° C, and 400 ° C for 60 minutes with percent catalyst / plastic variations 5; 6; 7 (% weight). The highest yield was obtained at 400 ° C with 7% catalyst / plastic percent of 75.69%. While the highest yield without catalyst was obtained at 400 ° C at 65.57%. The product result obtained is density 0,87 gr / ml, kinematic viscosity value 2,140 cSt, flash point value 52 ° C, calorific value 44.673 kJ / kg. The analysis results show that (%) yield of the product meets the diesel (solar) standard

Analisis Perilaku Sticky Cost pada Biaya Produksi dan Non-produksi (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2011-2014)

The aim of this research is to investigate whether there is any indication of sticky cost behavior on the production and non-production costs. The cost stickiness can be indicated by response costs of production and non-production costs to changes in net sales. This study is an empirical study using multiple linear regression analysis. The samples of this study are manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2011-2014. Samples are taken by simple random sampling method. Total sample of companies used are 57 companies.The research results provide of sticky cost behavior indication on production and non-production costs in Indonesian manufacturing company. With the result of this study, non-production costs are sticky but production costs are not sticky. Keywords— sticky costs, production cost, non-production cost

Implementation of cryptography algorithms in SCADAKratos application

This paper studies cryptography algorithms to be implemented into the SCADAKratos application of thermal vacuum chamber (TVC) system. SCADAKratos application is used to control and monitor the operations of the TVC which is a satellite test equipment that is located at the Malaysia Space Centre, Banting, Malaysia. The security features had been put aside during the development as it was claimed that there is no threat to the system since the system is operated internally. However, during service and troubleshooting by the manufacturer, the system will be accessed through public network. Besides that, the system also can be accessed remotely during operation for control and monitoring purpose. In addition, the testing data results also need to be transferred to the customer through the internet as it is easier and faster. The remote access through public network will cause the TVC system to face a risk to any threat and attack. Therefore, the implementation of cryptography algorithm into TVC system is needed in order to secure and protect the system from unauthorized access. This paper explains the architecture of SCADAKratos application of TVC system and how the cryptography algorithms could be implemented through this application. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1) and AES algorithm (AES) are chosen as the encryption technique which will be applied in the TVC system. Simulation result shows that this technique is feasible for the mentioned implementation

Theoretical study on slow-light generated by integrated microring resonator with wide bandwidth and high gain

We proposed a new approach to generate slow light transmission with large bandwidth and high buildup factor by using a soliton pulse propagating within integrated ring resonator circuit. The system consisted series of micron-size ring resonator fabricated by using nonlinear InGaAsP/InP material that are laterally coupled together. For convenience of analysis, optical transfer function for this model is obtained by using z-transform method. Slow light performances were modeled and discuss in this paper. Intensity buildup induced within the series of rings located at left and right sides of the system while strong nonlinear Kerr effect and mutual coupling leads to the spreading frequency bands within the device. Numerical simulation verifies that signal pulse with 45 ps relative delay time and bandwidth of 5.9 GHz (47 pm) are obtained at the communication wavelength around 1550 nm for a 100 ps signal pulse

Estimation of temperature and electron density in stainless steel plasma using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

LIBS plasma produced by a 1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in an atmospheric pressure was studied for the stainless steel sample. The laser output energy 150 mJ with pulse duration of 6 ns. The plasma emission spectrum was recorded by the LR1 Spectrometer connected to the fibre optic. The plasma temperature and electron density of each element were estimated by time-resolved spectroscopy of neutral atom and ion line emission. The plasma temperature was obtained from the Boltzmann plot method and their electron density was determined by using Saha-Boltzmann equation method. The preliminary qualitative LIBS analysis shows that several elements contained in the stainless steel. The element detected was Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr. The results shows that Mn and Fe has the highest plasma temperature of 1.2 eV, but the electron density of Mn was the highest with value 4.6x1020 cm-3, while the Cu has the lowest temperature that is 0.73 eV with the electron density 2.8x1017 cm-3. The results are discussed

Sensitivity measurement of Fibre Bragg grating sensor

A practical pass-through type fibre Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor system have been designed, developed, simulated, and experimentally investigated. The performance of FBG was evaluated in harsh environments exposed under direct sunlight, rain, and wind. The sensor system designed directly focused with convex and hand lens. The temperature of FBG’s sensor head been measured. The broadband laser source was launched into the system using tunable laser source (TLS) and both transmission and reflection spectra of FBG sensor were measured by optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). Results shows that the Bragg wavelength shift, ΔλB increased proportionally with the temperature changes. The sensitivity of FBG were recorded at 0.0100 and 0.0132 nm °C-1 for the systems where convex and hand lens applied to the FBG’s sensor head respectively, while the sensitivity of 0.0118 nm °C-1 measured for the system without any focusing element applied

A Comparative Study on Different Baits Used to Attract House Fly in Malaysia

House flies are commonly found at homes and businesses in Malaysia. Many kinds of baits are used to attract and trap these flies either by mechanical or chemical means. But all these baits are not capable of attracting flies equally. The main goal of this study is to find out the best bait that can attract house fly effectively. Two baits made in abroad and four baits made in Malaysia were selected for conducting this study because these baits are commonly used in Malaysia. Experiments were carried out by using six selected baits in food industry, fish market and poultry farm in the east coast of Malaysia. Data were collected from the field experiments continuously for six days and analysed to determine the best bait that trap the house flies very effectively. Data analysis results show that the Chinese Electronic Fly Catcher bait is the best one for trapping house flies effectively compared to other baits. Further investigation is still underway to find the volatile compound used for this Chinese Electronic Fly Catcher bait, which will help to generate new bait with the same effect

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Chemical Agent (Detergen, NaOH) dan Tekanan Trans-Membran pada Pencucian Membran dari Proses Pengolahan Air Gambut secara Cross Flow

Peat water is the kind of surface water that which widely available in the swampy area and lowlands that require more treatment so that can beclassified as a clean water and can be drunk. One of the alternative technology that can be used for peat water treating is membrane technology. The first challenge of the membrane technology is fouling. The purpose of this research is to learn the affectivity and efficiency of the cleaner materials likeNaOH and detergent in the regeneration process of ultrafiltration membrane at the peat water filtering operation. This research was done by using ultrafiltration membrane that the peat water as the feed. The used methodwas cross flow system with variations were pressing operation 1 bar and 1,5 bar and concentration of NaOH and detergent 1%, 1,5%, and 2%. The filtering process of peat water carried on for 120 minutes and the each cleaning time was 20 minutes. The highest of cleaning affectivity was reached 21,14% using detergent 2%. The highest of cleaning efficiency based on recovery flux was 84,88% and based on resistance removal was 21,09%