90 research outputs found
Eutectic Colony Formation: A Stability Analysis
Experiments have widely shown that a steady-state lamellar eutectic
solidification front is destabilized on a scale much larger than the lamellar
spacing by the rejection of a dilute ternary impurity and forms two-phase cells
commonly referred to as `eutectic colonies'. We extend the stability analysis
of Datye and Langer for a binary eutectic to include the effect of a ternary
impurity. We find that the expressions for the critical onset velocity and
morphological instability wavelength are analogous to those for the classic
Mullins-Sekerka instability of a monophase planar interface, albeit with an
effective surface tension that depends on the geometry of the lamellar
interface and, non-trivially, on interlamellar diffusion. A qualitatively new
aspect of this instability is the occurence of oscillatory modes due to the
interplay between the destabilizing effect of the ternary impurity and the
dynamical feedback of the local change in lamellar spacing on the front motion.
In a transient regime, these modes lead to the formation of large scale
oscillatory microstructures for which there is recent experimental evidence in
a transparent organic system. Moreover, it is shown that the eutectic front
dynamics on a scale larger than the lamellar spacing can be formulated as an
effective monophase interface free boundary problem with a modified
Gibbs-Thomson condition that is coupled to a slow evolution equation for the
lamellar spacing. This formulation provides additional physical insights into
the nature of the instability and a simple means to calculate an approximate
stability spectrum. Finally, we investigate the influence of the ternary
impurity on a short wavelength oscillatory instability that is already present
at off-eutectic compositions in binary eutectics.Comment: 26 pages RevTex, 14 figures (28 EPS files); some minor changes;
references adde
Barriers for introducing HIV testing among tuberculosis patients in Jogjakarta, Indonesia: a qualitative study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>HIV and HIV-TB co-infection are slowly increasing in Indonesia. WHO recommends HIV testing among TB patients as a key response to the dual HIV-TB epidemic. Concerns over potential negative impacts to TB control and lack of operational clarity have hindered progress. We investigated the barriers and opportunities for introducing HIV testing perceived by TB patients and providers in Jogjakarta, Indonesia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We offered Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) to TB patients in parallel to a HIV prevalence survey. We conducted in-depth interviews with 33 TB patients, 3 specialist physicians and 3 disease control managers. We also conducted 4 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with nurses. All interviews and FGDs were recorded and data analysis was supported by the QSR N6<sup>ÂŽ </sup>software.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Patients' and providers' knowledge regarding HIV was poor. The main barriers perceived by patients were: burden for accessing VCT and fear of knowing the test results. Stigma caused concerns among providers, but did not play much role in patients' attitude towards VCT. The main barriers perceived by providers were communication, patients feeling offended, stigmatization and additional burden.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Introduction of HIV testing among TB patients in Indonesia should be accompanied by patient and provider education as well as providing conditions for effective communication.</p
India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme: looking beyond detection and cure.
SETTING: Pune District, Maharashtra State, India. OBJECTIVES: To examine delays experienced by patients in accessing directly observed treatment. DESIGN: Data were collected from 117 new sputum-positive patients using a semi-structured interview schedule. RESULTS: Patient delays as well as diagnostic and treatment delays, which reflect the performance of a National TB Programme, were minimal. Provider delays, however, contributed significantly to delayed entry into India's Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP). Patients had to resort to multiple contacts with providers due to limitations of these providers in diagnosing or directing patients to the RNTCP. Patients who consulted a private provider participating in the public-private mix (PPM) were more likely to be suspected (OR 2.63, 90% CI 1.04-6.64) and referred (OR 6.8, 95%CI 2.08-22.21) to the RNTCP. Once the patients entered the RNTCP, the response of the system was rapid, with diagnosis offered and treatment initiated within on average 7 days. CONCLUSION: Interventions aimed at providers to encourage early suspicion and referral to the RNTCP, such as the PPM, are more important in improving patient access to TB care than those focusing on reducing patient delays
Daylight Fading of Dyes in Mixture on Polyamide-6 Fibre
75-78<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:="" minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">Nylon-6 has been dyed with
single and binary mixtures of dyes. The light fastness of the dyed material
exposed to daylight has been evaluated visually using the standard Blue Scale.
The concentration of dye on the material has been estimated
spectrophotometrically before and after exposure to light. It appears that the
observed catalytic fading of dyes in mixture is at times an optical effect and
not a catalytic degradation.</span
Studies in the reaction of formaldehyde with cellulose
This article does not have an abstract
Production and Characterization of Nylon-6 Filaments Containing Carbon Black
126-132<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:="" minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">Nylon-6 filament yarns
containing up to 1.5% carbon black have been prepared using two different
methods, viz. (1) incorporating carbon black in disperse form during
polymerization and melt spinning, and (2) blending the chips containing 1.5%
carbon black, prepared as in (1), with chips without any carbon black (blank)
and melt spinning. The filaments thus produced were examined for their
structure and properties. It has been observed that the samples prepared by
method (1) are more homogeneous and have more uniform properties.</span
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