FIGURE 1. Trichomycterus pascuali, MZUSP 121681, holotype 48.8 in New species of Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) lacking pelvic fins from Paranapanema basin, southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Trichomycterus pascuali, MZUSP 121681, holotype 48.8 mm SL; Brazil: São Paulo State, Municipality of Itatinga; unnamed river tributary of Tamandua river, Paranapanema basin, in ventral, lateral, and dorsal views

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Nematogenyidae é composto por uma única espécie endêmica do Chile Central; Trichomycteridae, seu grupo-irmão, é a segunda família mais diversificada de Loricarioidea e possui ampla distribuição pela região Neotropical. Estas famílias formam o clado mais basal de Loricarioidea e, por esta razão, são da maior importância para o entendimento das intra¬relações da superfamília, e desta com os demais siluriformes. Entretanto, muitas destas questões ainda não foram esclarecidas satisfatoriamente, especialmente dentro de Trichomycteridae. Vários fatores contribuem para esta situação, entre eles, o ainda escasso conhecimento de vários de seus sistemas morfológicos, como o muscular. Um estudo comparativo da miologia, guiado pela metodologia cladista, jamais foi feito até então com nenhum outro grande grupo de Siluriformes. A presente dissertação representa uma tentativa de solucionar aqueles problemas através de uma nova abordagem, a pesquisa da musculatura cefálica, principalmente de Nematogenyidae e Trichomycteridae. Este estudo apresenta um detalhado componente descritivo aliado a uma análise cladística rigorosa dos caracteres miológicos da região cefálica de Nematogenyidae e Trichomycteridae. Com relação à parte descritiva deste estudo, foram descobertos quatro músculos novos e observadas várias modificações na musculatura cefálica entre os grupos examinados. O levantamento de novos caracteres oriundos principalmente do estudo miológico acrescentou relevante informação ao cladograma destas famílias. O uso destes caracteres, juntamente com a revisão de grande parte daqueles da literatura, corroborou fortemente alguns arranjos anteriores assim como produziu novas hipóteses sobre as relações internas de Trichomycteridae. Nematogenyidae foi corroborado como sendo o grupo-irmão de Trichomycteridae; Copionodontinae e Trichogeninae são sucessivos grupos-irmãos na base de Trichomycteridae; a natureza não monofilética de Trichomycterinae foi mais uma vez confirmada; e Pareiodon foi excluído de Stegophilinae e a subfamília Pareiodontinae deveria ser reutilizada.Nematogenyidae is composed of a single species endemic to Central Chile; Trichomycteridae, its sister group, is the second most diversified family of Loricarioidea, and has a broad distribution throughout the Neotropical Region. These families form the most basal clade of the Loricarioidea and are therefore of great importance to understand its intrarrelationships and the relationships between it and remaining siluriforms. However, several of these questions remain to be satisfactorily resolved, especially within the Trichomycteridae. Several factors contribute to this problematic situation, among which is the poor state of knowledge of a number of morphological systems, such as their myology. A comparative study of myology, guided by cladistic methodology, has not been attempted for any large catfish group. The present dissertation is an attempt to solve these problems by means of a new approach based on the scrutiny of cephalic myology, mainly of the Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae. This study presents a detailed descriptive component allied to a rigorous cladistic analyses of myological characters of the cephalic region of the Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae. Concerning the descriptive part of this study, four new muscles were discovered and several modifications in the cephalic muscles within the examined groups were observed. The new characters sampled, mainly from the myological study, added valuable information to the cladograms of these families. The use of these features, along with a review of most characters employed in the literature, strongly corroborated some previous arrangements and produced a new hypotheses on the relationships within the Trichomycteridae. Nematogenyidae was confirmed as the sister group of Trichomycteridae. Copionodontinae and Trichogeninae are the basal successive sister groups of the remaining Trichomycteridae. The non-monophyletic nature of the Trichomycterinae was supported as in previous studies. Pareiodon was removed from the Stegophilinae and the subfamily Pareodontinae should be resurrected for it

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Nematogenyidae é composto por uma única espécie endêmica do Chile Central; Trichomycteridae, seu grupo-irmão, é a segunda família mais diversificada de Loricarioidea e possui ampla distribuição pela região Neotropical. Estas famílias formam o clado mais basal de Loricarioidea e, por esta razão, são da maior importância para o entendimento das intra¬relações da superfamília, e desta com os demais siluriformes. Entretanto, muitas destas questões ainda não foram esclarecidas satisfatoriamente, especialmente dentro de Trichomycteridae. Vários fatores contribuem para esta situação, entre eles, o ainda escasso conhecimento de vários de seus sistemas morfológicos, como o muscular. Um estudo comparativo da miologia, guiado pela metodologia cladista, jamais foi feito até então com nenhum outro grande grupo de Siluriformes. A presente dissertação representa uma tentativa de solucionar aqueles problemas através de uma nova abordagem, a pesquisa da musculatura cefálica, principalmente de Nematogenyidae e Trichomycteridae. Este estudo apresenta um detalhado componente descritivo aliado a uma análise cladística rigorosa dos caracteres miológicos da região cefálica de Nematogenyidae e Trichomycteridae. Com relação à parte descritiva deste estudo, foram descobertos quatro músculos novos e observadas várias modificações na musculatura cefálica entre os grupos examinados. O levantamento de novos caracteres oriundos principalmente do estudo miológico acrescentou relevante informação ao cladograma destas famílias. O uso destes caracteres, juntamente com a revisão de grande parte daqueles da literatura, corroborou fortemente alguns arranjos anteriores assim como produziu novas hipóteses sobre as relações internas de Trichomycteridae. Nematogenyidae foi corroborado como sendo o grupo-irmão de Trichomycteridae; Copionodontinae e Trichogeninae são sucessivos grupos-irmãos na base de Trichomycteridae; a natureza não monofilética de Trichomycterinae foi mais uma vez confirmada; e Pareiodon foi excluído de Stegophilinae e a subfamília Pareiodontinae deveria ser reutilizada.Nematogenyidae is composed of a single species endemic to Central Chile; Trichomycteridae, its sister group, is the second most diversified family of Loricarioidea, and has a broad distribution throughout the Neotropical Region. These families form the most basal clade of the Loricarioidea and are therefore of great importance to understand its intrarrelationships and the relationships between it and remaining siluriforms. However, several of these questions remain to be satisfactorily resolved, especially within the Trichomycteridae. Several factors contribute to this problematic situation, among which is the poor state of knowledge of a number of morphological systems, such as their myology. A comparative study of myology, guided by cladistic methodology, has not been attempted for any large catfish group. The present dissertation is an attempt to solve these problems by means of a new approach based on the scrutiny of cephalic myology, mainly of the Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae. This study presents a detailed descriptive component allied to a rigorous cladistic analyses of myological characters of the cephalic region of the Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae. Concerning the descriptive part of this study, four new muscles were discovered and several modifications in the cephalic muscles within the examined groups were observed. The new characters sampled, mainly from the myological study, added valuable information to the cladograms of these families. The use of these features, along with a review of most characters employed in the literature, strongly corroborated some previous arrangements and produced a new hypotheses on the relationships within the Trichomycteridae. Nematogenyidae was confirmed as the sister group of Trichomycteridae. Copionodontinae and Trichogeninae are the basal successive sister groups of the remaining Trichomycteridae. The non-monophyletic nature of the Trichomycterinae was supported as in previous studies. Pareiodon was removed from the Stegophilinae and the subfamily Pareodontinae should be resurrected for it

A New Species of Cascudinho of the Genus Hisonotus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the Upper Rio Tapajos Basin, Brazil

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The Characiformes are distributed throughout large portions of the freshwaters of Africa and America. About 90% of the almost 2000 characiform species inhabit the American rivers, with their greatest diversity occurring in the Neotropical region. As in most other groups of fishes, the current knowledge about characiform myology is extremely poor. This study presents the results of a survey of the mandibular, hyopalatine, and opercular musculature of 65 species representing all the 18 traditionally recognized characiform families, including the 14 subfamilies and several genera incertae sedis of the Characidae, the most speciose family of the order. The morphological variation of these muscles across the order is documented in detail and the homologies of the characiform adductor mandibulae divisions are clarified. Accordingly, the mistaken nomenclature previously applied to these divisions in some characiform taxa is herein corrected. Contradicting some previous studies, we found that none of the examined characiforms lacks an A3 section of the adductor mandibulae, but instead some taxa have an A3 continuous with A2. Derived myological features are identified as new putative synapomorphies for: the Characoidei; the clade composed of the Alestidae, Characidae, Gasteropelecidae, Cynodontoidea, and Erythrinoidea; the clade Cynodontoidea plus Erythrinoidea; the clade formed by Ctenoluciidae and Erythrinidae; the Serrasalminae; and the Triportheinae. Additionally, new myological data seems to indicate that the Agoniatinae might be more closely related to cynodontoids and erythrinoids than to other characids. (C) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2006/56445-7, 2004/09219-6, 2009/54931-0]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico researcher (CNPq) [309632/2007-2]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico researcher (CNPq

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