Baleful Effects of the Commercial Birth Control Pills and Focus on Frontier Herbal Contraceptives Devoid of Side Effects

Abstract: The present review encompasses the contraception, methods of contraception, hormonal or chemical birth control pills and the herbal products having contraceptive activity with their merits and demerits. The commercially available birth control pills are detrimental to women health, might be life-threatening sometimes. The detrimental effects posed by such pills are: fat deposition in the liver, kidney and uterus, prevention of metabolism and further conception, disruption of the epithelial layer of the uterus, irregular and painful menstruation, breast cancer and ultimately permanent infertility. This study will help us to view the undeniable baleful effects of the commercial birth control pills and thus will rush us to explore some herbal birth control pills that will be cheaper, having no side effects and might be effective for the sexes (male & female). A research work has already been conducted in this regard which might be an evolutionary step in this realm

Detergent Maceration: A Convenient Skeleton Preparation Technique for Teaching and Demonstration of Veterinary Anatomy

The current study investigates to develop a convenient technique for preparation of a dog skeleton without any unpleasant smell, cracking, crumbling or discoloration of bones by using a combination of commercially available detergent and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Specimens were skinned and immersed in a pre-heated 10-liter detergent solution at 50°C to 60°C for 2-3 hours then left for 12 hours. Maceration was deemed completed when any remaining soft tissue was easily removed under running tap water or by soft brush. Then the bones were kept for bleaching with 3% H2O2 for 24-48 hours and allowed to dry properly in the sun. It is shown that the detergent maceration was remarkably faster compared to the traditional burial, insect, hot or cool-water methods, which requires up to several days. In this entire process, skeletons were prepared and installed in correct conformation in only about 92 hours (less than four days). In contrast, the whole maceration was completed in 15 hours (boiling and cooling). On the other hand, the longest time was taken for bleaching and drying purposes, which were 2 days, respectively. The method investigated here for the preparation of skeletal materials in an essentially odorless way, which has shown to be more convenient (faster, easier, safer, and cheaper) compare to previous models in the fields of veterinary anatomy. We believe this project's result will help improve the preparation and preservation technique of skeletons for gross anatomical studies in veterinary institutions

Beneficial Role of Mushroom in Recovering Complications of Hypercholesterolemia

Mushrooms are considered as a valuable source of important nutrients having hepatoprotective and anti-hyperlipidemic actions. Present experimental research was done to explore the beneficial role of mushroom on health in hypercholesterolemia. Total thirty Swiss albino mice were taken and randomly divided into three groups: control A, group B and group C. Each group consisted of ten mice. The control A group was fed with normal mice pellet and fresh water. Group B was fed with hypercholesterolemic diet and group C was supplied hypercholesterolemic diet with mushroom powder (500g/kg/mice body weight) for 60 days. After the experimental tenure, mice of each group were sacrificed ethically and the samples (liver and blood) were collected for gross, histological study and lipid profile analysis.  Increased liver weight, pale and hemorrhagic liver in gross observation along with some histological changes including dilation and congestion of central and portal vein, fat accumulation in hepatocyte and marked lymphocytic infiltration were found in group B, while mushroom supplementation recovered this gross and histological changes and reduced liver weight in group C. Just mild congestion and dilation was in the portal vein of group C. In lipid profile analysis, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level significantly reduced respectively by 10%, 38% and 17% in group C than group B. High density lipoprotein (HDL) level also significantly increased by 20% in group C compared to group B. Therefore, it can be concluded that mushrooms might have potentially beneficial actions in recovering of some complications in hypercholesterolemia

The Viability of Dietary Probiotics (Bactosac ® ) Influencing Growth Parameters, Cellular Alteration in Intestinal Wall and Immune Response of Broilers

Abstract: The present study aimed to find out the efficacy of a commercial probiotics supplementation to the diet on the growth performance, histological changes of the jejunal tissue and humoral immune response of broiler chickens. One hundred day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups as group A (Vaccinated probiotics fed group), B (Non-vaccinated probiotics fed group), C (Vaccinated conventional fed group) and D (Nonvaccinated conventional fed group). Groups A and B were taken as experimental birds fed with commercially available feed with the addition of probiotics as per schedule whereas groups C and D were taken as control birds fed with commercial ration. At 30 days of age the birds were immunized with 0.5% of sheep RBC to determine the level of antibody production. The result revealed that the live weight gains obtained were significantly (p<0.01) increased more in experimental birds during the periods of 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th and 6 th week of age compare to control ones at all levels in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds. The broiler fed with probiotics gave a strong evidence of increasing the length of jejunal villi compared to conventional fed broiler observed. The antibody production was found significantly (p<0.01) higher in probiotics fed broiler than the control ones. Significant variations were observed in the weight of bursa and spleen due to probiotics supplementation. It was concluded that probiotics supplementation have a significant influence on growth performance, meat yield, morphological changes of intestinal wall and immune response of broiler chickens

Gross Anatomical Features of Tongue of Khaki Campbell Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) At Different Postnatal Ages

The present study aims to investigate the gross morphological structure of the tongue of the khaki Campbell duck at different postnatal ages. The ducks were from four age groups (A total of 25 ducks): day one (1), one (1) month, two (2) months, three (3) months, and four (4) months, having five ducks in each group. The tongues were collected immediately after the ethical killing of the birds for gross anatomical observations. The tongue of the Khaki Campbell duck was located on the floor of the oropharynx. In all examined ages, the tongue did not extend to the total limits of the lower beak. The elongated shaped tongue was divided into three parts, i.e., apex, body, and root. The spatula-shaped apex of the tongue was smooth dorsally and devoid of lingual papillae. On the ventral surface of the apex, there was a flat, triangular, white plate of the lingual nail. The dorsal surface of the body of the tongue was divided into two symmetrical parts by a median groove, which became more prominent at the advancement of age. Large and small conical papillae were found symmetrically along both body edges. The root of the tongue was the smallest part which was located adjacent to the laryngeal prominence. Papillae were found on both sides of the root. A fold of membrane, the frenulum linguae present on the ventral aspect of the body. The length and width of the tongue increased with the advancement of age. The present study revealed the gross anatomical structure of the tongue of the Khaki Campbell duck at different postnatal ages and helped to compare the findings with other avian species

SYZYGIUM CUMINI DEPARTS THE NEGATIVES OF THE ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

Background: Because of the unfavorable side effects and higher cost of synthetic anti-diabetic medicines, an alternative approach to manage diabetes mellitus from an herbal source would be safe and within the affordability of the common people. Hence we investigated the hypoglycemic and pancreatic islets restoration effect of Syzygium cumini seed extract using glibenclamide as positive control. Methods: Six (06) normal control mice and eighteen (18) alloxan induced diabetic mice grouped as diabetic control, Syzygium cumini and standard drug, were used for this experiment. In comparison to a reference drug-glibenclamide (@600μg/kg body weight), Syzygium cumini seed ethanolic extract (@500mg/kg body weight) was given orally once daily for thirty days to counteract alloxan induced alteration in blood glucose level and pancreatic cells morphology. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was evaluated at 15 days intervals, whereas mice were ethically sacrificed to collect pancreas at the completion of the experiment and processed for histological examination. Results: Research results revealed that in both the Syzygium cumini and standard drug treated groups, FBG level were significantly lower than the diabetic control group (P < 0.05). Histologically, smaller islets and necrosis, present in the pancreas of diabetic mice were returned to normal following treatment with Syzygium cumini seed extract and standard anti-diabetic drug. Conclusion: Syzygium cumini seed extract could be recommended as anti-diabetic for humans and animals especially in developing and under developed countries where this plant is readily available and affordable