The Challenge of Slum Development in Developing Country India

The “Slum” is a black spot and often an unwanted component in urban civilization. The twenty first century is the witness not only high population growth, but also more and more globalization and urbanization. More than a billion in Africa, Asia, and South America are living in housing area that described a slum. Developing countries like India presently suffer to the enormous growth of urbanization. And the urbanized area similarly carried the problem of slum. Presently, Indian Population is 1/6th of the world population. Accelerating urbanization is forcefully effecting the transformation of Indian society. Slightly more than 28 percent of the country's population is urbanized, but unfortunately 21.68 percent (61.8 million) of the urban population live in slum area. As per Last NBO report total housing shortage was 19.4 million units. In urban are the shortage is 6.6 million unit and 90% of these shortage hits poor and LIG people. It’s become a very common urban scenario that thousands of dwellings made of straw, mud, tin, and cardboard are squeezed into areas of a small city block. In these cramped dwellings, often only an arm-span in width, entire families live without running water, electricity. Few have beds; they sleep on scraps of cloth padding on the dirty floor. Rapid growth of industrialization creates enormous employment opportunity. It attracts the lower income peoples and the unskilled labours from the rural area. The high rate of migration from rural area to the urban sector formulated slum area, because these men are unskilled labours to industries. The slum conditions become more pathetic when the poor physical structure is accompanied by overcrowding. This is now a general tendency in most cities in the world. It is a different question how to restrict these slums to a minimum and limit their effects. So necessary effort should be directed for improving the slums and make them habitable in future

Effects of c-axis Hopping in the Interlayer Tunneling Model of High-Tc Layered Cuprates

We consider the interlayer pair-tunneling model for layered cuprates, including an effective single particle hopping along the c-axis. A phenomenological suppression of the c-axis hopping matrix element, by the pseudogap in cuprate superconductors, is incorporated. At optimal doping, quantities characteristic to the superconducting state, such as the transition temperature and the superconducting gap are calculated. Results from our calculations are consistent with the experimental observations with the noteworthy point that, the superconducting gap as a function of temperature shows excellent match to the experimental data. Predictions within the model, regarding T_c variation with interlayer coupling, are natural outcomes which could be tested further.Comment: Latex file, 18 pages, 4 figures (postscript files included), to appear in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Minimum Component Based Sinusoidal Oscillator Using Single OTRA

In this paper a new Operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA) based sinusoidal oscillator is proposed. It uses two resistors, two capacitors and a single OTRA. Sensitivity analysis and non-ideality analysis behavior of OTRA on oscillator operation is also investigated. The proposed oscillator circuit is designed using PSPICE simulation and 0.18µm AGILENT CMOS process parameters. PSPICE simulation results agree well with the theoretical analysis of the proposed circuit

Quantum Butterfly Effect at the Crossroads of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

In classical mechanics, spontaneous symmetry breaking of the Hamiltonian can embroil the dynamics of some regular systems into chaos. The classical and quantum pictures are not entirely different in these broken symmetric regions. There exists a correspondence between them, but for a brief time window. However, our numerical observations show that quantum mechanics can emulate the opposite role and forge exponential fluctuations in classically non-chaotic systems within an early-time window by introducing a symmetry-breaking term to the Hamiltonian. In this work, we spontaneously break the existing symmetry in three one-dimensional quantum mechanical models by varying perturbation strength to bring anomaly into the system. With the help of numerical diagnostic tools such as OTOC, Loschmidt echo and spectral form factor(SFF) we detect the anomalies that may sweep into the system with the introduction of the asymmetry. Our primary focus is on the exponential growth of OTOC as it reduces to the Lyapunov exponent in the classical limit. However, these exponential growths of OTOC are not widespread over the entire potential well but are limited only to the eigenstates in the neighbourhood of the broken symmetry. These results suggest that the exponential growth of OTOC, backed by Loschmidt echo and SFF, is due to asymmetry. In other words, OTOC detects the effect of symmetry-breaking, which is often synonymous with the butterfly effect.Comment: 16 pages, 51 figure

The Differential Voltage Current Controlled Conveyor Tranconductance Amplifier: A Novel Active Block Prevailing Op-Amp Limitations

The differential difference current controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCCTA) is a novel active building block which can substitute the widely used operational amplifier in analog circuit design. The operation of differential difference current controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier is different from the operation of operational amplifier. The DVCCCTA can be used to design various circuits like integrator, differentiator, adder, substractor etc. The advantages of DVCCCTA are it has high slew rate, wide bandwidth, and also current processing capabilities at input terminals. Since DVCCCTA is not slew limited in the same fashion of OPAMP, it can provide amplification of high frequency signals with a constant bandwidth virtually independent of gain