The agencies of landscape in rural gentrification: Impressions from the wood, the village and the moortop

This paper brings together research on rural gentrification with emerging work on lived landscapes that has emphasized the intertwining of the human and more-than-human with the performance of activities of everyday living and their affective significance. It draws on research examining rural gentrification in three contrasting landscapes, termed ‘the wood’, ‘the village’ and ‘the moortop’. These landscapes connect to earlier studies of rural social change and gentrification in England, with ‘the wood’ and ‘the village’ being sites research by Ray Pahl and the ‘moortop’ one of the landscapes identified in Darren Smith and Deborah Phillips' examination of the role of representations of rurality in processes of rural gentrification. The paper draws on research that returned to the locations of this earlier research, and seeks to re-examine arguments advanced by these studies about the formation of socially differentiated worlds and representations of rurality through a lived-landscape perspective

Re-placing displacement in gentrification studies: temporality and multi-dimensionality in rural gentrification displacement

This paper explores how conceptions of displacement have been challenged and adapted as the study of gentrification has expanded to encompass a series of new contexts, including post-industrial conversions and new-build urban developments within and beyond the Global North. Attention is draw to Peter Marcuse's work on displacement, and how some of his conceptualisations of different forms of displacement have been significant in cross-contextual discussions of gentrification, although other aspects of his work, such as his discussions of the relationship between abandonment and displacement have received less attention. Drawing on work of Marcuse, the earlier work of George and Eustice Grier, and a series of more contemporary studies, the paper argues for the adoption of more multi-dimensional and temporally sensitive conceptualisations of gentrification displacement. It then seeks to illustrate the value of this conceptualisation in the study of a further context of gentrification, namely the study of rural gentrification. The paper highlights recent debates over the significance of displacement, and thereby gentrification, to the study of demographic change in rural areas of the UK. Attention is drawn to studies that have made reference to displacement impacts of rural gentrification, before drawing on research conducted by the authors in nine villages located in six districts of England. The paper highlights evidence of 'disinvestment displacement' occurring prior to the major onset of gentrification in these villages, through 'reinvestment displacement' and 'direct displacement' at the point of gentrification, 'chain displacement' occurring both before and after the point of property gentrification, and 'exclusionary displacement', and material and experiential 'displacement pressures', operating once gentrification had started to take hold in these locations. Displacement is further shown to involve not only housing but also employment conditions, access to services, and the symbolism, practices and affective relations that people have with human and more-than-human constituents of space

Imidazole Polymers Derived from Ionic Liquid 4‑Vinylimidazolium Monomers: Their Synthesis and Thermal and Dielectric Properties

The synthesis of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-4-vinylimidazolium triflate, its polymerization, and ion exchange to yield a family of 4-imidazolium polymers with a variety of anions are described. For comparative purposes, the synthesis, polymerization, and ion exchange of an analogous set of 1-vinylimidazolium polymers are also presented. The comparative thermal and dielectric characteristics of the 4-vinyl- and 1-vinylimidazolium salts were evaluated. The trends in the glass transition (<i>T</i>_g) characteristics of the various 4-vinylimidazolium and 1-vinylimidazolium polymers were similar; however, the glass transition temperatures of poly­(4-vinylimidazolium) BF₄^–, PF₆^–, AsF₆^–, and CF₃SO₃^– salts were significantly higher than those of the corresponding poly­(1-vinylimidazolium) salts. This difference and the increase in <i>T</i>_g in going from BF₄^– to AsF₆^– in the 4-vinylimidazolium series were attributed to enhanced intramolecular bridging between imidazolium moieties positioned 1,3 or 1,5 along the polymer chain. In the dielectric spectra of 1-vinylimidazolium salts at temperatures in excess of 30 °C, one relaxation mode distinct from that for electrode polarization is observed. The single mode appears to correspond to the α-relaxation peak in poly­(3-ethyl-1-vinylimidazolium salts) recently identified and attributed to ion-pair motion by Nakamura et al. In the 4-vinylimidazolium polymer spectra set, at temperatures in excess of 30 °C, two relaxation modes, distinct from that for electrode polarization, are apparent: the α peak also observed in the 1-vinylimidazolium polymer set and a new relaxation peak observed at lower frequency. The lower frequency relaxation peak is identified in this work as the α′-relaxation and is also associated with ion-pair motion. Assuming the relaxation processes to be Arrhenius in nature, the activation energy of the α-relaxation in poly­(4-vinylimidazolium) BF₄^–, PF₆^–, CF₃SO₃^–, TFSI^–, and C₂N₃^– salts ranged from 83 to 28 kJ/mol and appears to scale with the glass transition temperature

Data_Sheet_1_Chronic supplementation of a multi-ingredient herbal supplement increases speed of cognitive task performance alongside changes in the urinary metabolism of dopamine and the gut microbiome in cognitively intact older adults experiencing subjective memory decline: a randomized, placebo controlled, parallel groups investigation.docx

BackgroundThe effects of herbs on brain function are often investigated in isolation, yet herbal preparations are often complex combinations of phytochemicals, designed to target widespread mechanisms.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of chronic, 12 weeks, supplementation of a multi-ingredient herbal supplement (containing Bacopa monnieri, Gotu kola leaf, Turmeric whole powder, Reishi full spectrum, Rosemary, Cardamom, Holy Basil, Turmeric Wholistic™ extract, Green Tea & Seagreens) on cognitive function in older adults with subjective memory decline. Secondly, to investigate whether effects are underpinned by shifts in microbial composition and/or metabolism of the herbs.MethodsMale and female participants (N = 128) aged between 55–75 years completed lab-based cognitive assessments, and provided stool and urine samples, at baseline and then following 90 days of multi-ingredient herb, or placebo, supplementation.ResultsDeficits in memory were observed in response to 90 days of multi-ingredient herbal supplement supplementation but the positive effects were all focused on speed of cognitive task performance, with an additional improvement in the false alarm rate on the rapid visual information processing task. These improvements coincided with an increased presence of tyrosine in the urinary metabolome and this may implicate the role of dopamine in these processing and/or motor speed increases. Finally, multi-ingredient herbal supplementation significantly reduced levels of 3 bacterial species in the gut microbiome and one of these, Sutterella, coincides with lower levels of constipation reported in the multi-ingredient herbal supplement condition.ConclusionA multi-ingredient herbal supplement increases speed of cognitive task performance and increased metabolism of tyrosine suggests that this is modulated by increased dopaminergic activity. Reduced levels of Sutterella in the gut is associated with improved bowel movements of participants. Interpretation of the negative effects on memory are, however, stymied by an unequal randomization of participants into treatment groups pre- and post-COVID 19.Clinical trial registration: identifier NCT05504668.</p

Additional file 1: of The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens

Mean weights of the broiler chickens from each experimental group. The mean live weights (SEM) of the chickens are plotted against the days of age for all experimental groups with the performance target weights for Ross 308 broiler chickens. TLG1—non-colonized control group for the late colonization experiment; TLG2—birds colonized with C. jejuni at day 20 for the late colonization experiment; TEG1—non-colonized control group for the early colonization experiment; TEG2—birds colonized with C. jejuni at day 6 for the early colonization experiment. (PDF 316 kb

Additional file 6: of The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens

Differential abundance of members of the cecal microbial communities in the development of TEG C. jejuni colonized and non-colonized broiler chickens. Histogram of the LDA scores computed for features differentially abundant between C. jejuni colonized broiler chickens (denoted as “inf” by red bars) and non-colonized birds (denoted as “un” by green bars) over a 35 day rearing period. LEfSe identifies which clades amongst those detected as statistically differential will explain the greatest differences between the communities. OTUs represent individual sequences identified using BLASTn searches of type cultures with a BLAST identity ≥99%, and higher consensus taxanomic levels are indicated as _f family, _o order and _c class. Non-colonized birds were administered with 0.1 ml of carrier (MRD) by oral gavage at 6 da and colonized birds were with administered 107 CFU C. jejuni strain HPC5 in 0.1 ml MRD at 6 da. Seven birds were sacrificed from each group at days 8, 15, 22, 28 and 35 from which cecal digesta were collected and total DNAs extracted in preparation for bacterial 16S rRNA gene analysis of the bacterial communities. (PDF 1539 kb

Additional file 5: of The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens

Coliform and Lactic acid bacterial counts from cecal contents. Bar charts show log10 CFU/g intestinal content for coliform and lactic acid bacteria counts in: A, TLG1 and TLG2 birds and B, TEG1 and TEG2 birds. (PDF 229 kb

Additional file 3: of The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens

The relative abundances 16S rRNA gene sequences of the most abundant phyla from the chicken ceca. The total read counts and the relative abundances are expressed as a percentage of the total reads for the most abundant taxonomic phyla discriminated at each sampling point over the rearing period of 35 days. (PDF 139 kb

Additional file 4: of The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens

PCoA plot of Bray-Curtis indices for the cecal microbiota of TEG. Bray-Curtis indices indicate the microbiota of birds exposed to Campylobacter at 6 da was different from uninfected birds at 2, 16 and 22 days post-infection by AMOVA (2 dpi; p = 0.026, 16 dpi; p = 0.039, 22 dpi; p = 0.003). R2 = 0.7; subsample = 16,319. (PDF 94 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Genomic analysis of endemic clones of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Belarus during and after the major epidemic in 1990s

Number and toxigenicity of isolates collected between 1996 and 2014 in Belarus and those selected for genomic analyses in this study; Table S3. Distribution of isolates from epidemic (≤ year 2000) and postepidemic period (≥ year 2001) in major groups. All minor groups are pooled together for statistical analysis; Table S4. Distribution of isolates from asymptomatic carriage, diphtheria and sore throat patients in major groups. All minor groups are pooled together for statistical analysis; Table S5. Allelic variation in the direct repeat and spacer sequences among the CRISPR loci of ST8 and ST5 isolates. (PDF 396 kb