THE ANALYSIS OF SOUND REPRESENTED BY CONSONANT LETTER C AND ITS IMPLICATION IN TEACHING ENGLISH

This research was purposed to discover the sounds representation of consonant letter C and their rule-patterns. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher divided the data in three positions: initial, medial, and final position. The research data were taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, International Student’s Edition. The researcher then analyzed the data by applying descriptive content analysis approach. The researcher found that there are four different sounds represented by consonant letter C, those are [k], [s], [ʃ], and [ʧ]. The researcher finally constructed nine rule-patterns that are understandable and applicable in their daily life conversation, especially teachers of English and students. Keywords: Pronunciation; Sound; Consonant; Letter C

THE ANALYSIS OF SOUND REPRESENTED BY LETTER AND ITS IMPLICATION IN TEACHING ENGLISH

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan bunyi yang direpresentasikan oleh huruf dan aturan polanya. Peneliti menggunakan desain penelian deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan data tunggal yang diambil dari Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Third Edition. Data penelitian dibagi dalam tiga posisi suku kata: awal, tengah, dan akhir, dan dianalisis berdasarkan suku kata dan penekanan pada kata. Terakhir, peneliti menemukan bahwa terdapat  empat bunyi yang direpresentasikan oleh huruf , yaitu [ɪ], [i],  [aɪ], dan [ǝ]. Kemudian, peneliti membentuk 15 aturan pola yang dapat dimengerti dan diaplikasikan dalam percakapan kehidupan sehari-hari. 15 aturan pola tersebut adalah: 1) Huruf mewakili bunyi [ɪ]ketika huruf tersebut diikuti oleh konsonan dalam suku kata yang sama,  2) Huruf mewakili bunyi [aɪ] ketika huruf tersebut berada diakhir suku kata, 3) Huruf mewakili bunyi [aɪ]ketika huruf tersebut diikuti oleh konsonan + e yang tidak diucapkan dalam satu suku kata, 4) Huruf mewakili bunyi schwa ketika huruf tersebut diikuti oleh konsonan [r], [rl], [rk], [rd], [rs], [rt], dalam kata bersuku kata satu atau dalam suku kata yang sama, 5) Kemunculan akhiran e yang membedakan antara bunyi [aɪ]dan bunyi [ɪ], 6) tiga kombinasi huruf /igh/ dan /ign/ mewakili bunyi [aɪ]dalam suku kata yang sama, 7) kombinasi huruf /ie/ and /ei/ diucapkan [i] dalam suku kata yang sama pada posisi suku kata sebelum terakhir, 8) kombinasi digraph /ie/ diucapkan [i] dalam suku kata yang sama pada posisi suku kata terakhir, 9) Huruf pada akhiran kata diucapkan dengan bunyi [i], 10) Huruf  tidak diucapkan, 11) akhiran -x –ize atau –ise diucapkan [aɪz], 12) Akhiran  –is diucapkan [ɪz], 13) akhiran –ify diucapkan [ɪfaɪ], 14) Akhiran –ity diucapkan [əti] atau [ɪti], 15) Akhiran  –ible diucapkan [ɪbl] atau [əbl]

Induction and transmission of oncogene-induced senescence

Senescence is a cellular stress response triggered by diverse stressors, including oncogene activation, where it serves as a bona-fide tumour suppressor mechanism. Senescence can be transmitted to neighbouring cells, known as paracrine secondary senescence. Secondary senescence was initially described as a paracrine mechanism, but recent evidence suggests a more complex scenario involving juxtacrine communication between cells. In addition, single-cell studies described differences between primary and secondary senescent end-points, which have thus far not been considered functionally distinct. Here we discuss emerging concepts in senescence transmission and heterogeneity in primary and secondary senescence on a cellular and organ level

Maternal levels of endocrine disruptors, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in early pregnancy are not associated with lower birth weight in the Canadian birth cohort GESTE

Abstract: Background: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are known endocrine disrupting environmental contaminants used as flame retardants. Their levels have increased in humans over the last ten years, raising concerns about their consequences on human health. Some animal studies suggest that PBDEs can affect fetal growth; however, the results of human studies are contradictory. This study evaluates the association between the most common PBDEs in maternal blood measured in early pregnancy and birth weight. Methods: BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-153 levels were measured in 349 women during their first prenatal care visit at the University Hospital Center of Sherbrooke (Quebec, Canada). Birth weight and relevant medical information were collected from medical records. In contrast with previous studies, we examined the full range of clinical risk factors known to affect fetal growth as potential confounders, as well as other environmental pollutants that are likely to interact with fetal growth (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mercury, lead, cadmium and manganese). Results: There was no statistically significant relationship between PBDE levels in early pregnancy and birth weight in both unadjusted and multivariate regression models. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PBDEs in early pregnancy have little or no direct impact on birth weight, at least at the levels of exposure in our population