115 research outputs found

    Définition, identification et localisation de géohapax dans le corpus des patronymes français : comparaison de sources anciennes et récentes

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    Communication publiĂ©e Ă©galement dans "Rivista Italiana di Onomastica [RIOn]", vol. XIX, n° 2, p. 633-658International audienceSurnames have been widely used to describe the spatial structure of populations and the migrations between them. In France, as elsewhere, the distribution of documented surnames in the twentieth century reveals a strong micro-regional specificity and long-standing presence of some surnames, maintained despite the inevitable depletion of the initial stock of names and its regular renewal by migration. Geohapax are at present the subject of systematic researches by demographers and historians but also by geneticists who see them as possible vectors of genetic peculiarities. For ancient periods and in some places, corpuses of surnames are available allowing to reveal the geographic distribution of surnames in the late Middle Ages, and to question the continuity, in the long term, of the initial stocks, and to track down the geohapax by comparing old and recent corpuses. In this paper, we illustrate and discuss, from various historical and contemporary data, the process of extinction of surnames with time and the various conditions allowing to select geohapax.Les Ă©tudes patronymiques permettent de dĂ©crire la structuration spatiale des populations et les flux migratoires qui les traversent. En France, comme ailleurs, elles ont montrĂ© que certains patronymes attestĂ©es au XXe siĂšcle rĂ©vĂ©laient une forte spĂ©cificitĂ© micro-rĂ©gionale, tĂ©moins d‘une prĂ©sence locale et ancienne, maintenue malgrĂ© les inĂ©luctables appauvrissements du stock initial de noms et son renouvellement par migration. Ces patronymes monophylĂ©tiques, marqueurs d‘identitĂ© et d‘enracinement local, sont actuellement l‘objet de recherches systĂ©matiques intĂ©ressant les dĂ©mographes et les historiens, mais aussi les gĂ©nĂ©ticiens qui voient en eux de possibles vecteurs de singularitĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©tiques. Les mĂ©diĂ©vistes disposent de sĂ©ries documentaires patronymiques intĂ©ressant de larges espaces sur plusieurs dĂ©cennies. Elles permettent de rĂ©vĂ©ler les formes que prenait la gĂ©ographie patronymique Ă  la fin du Moyen Âge et de poser la question de la permanence des stocks (des noms monophylĂ©tiques) dans la trĂšs longue durĂ©e par la confrontation entre ces corpus anciens et ceux du XXe siĂšcle. Ce travail comparatif permet d‘expliquer, par des alliances politiques, des rĂ©seaux Ă©conomiques et des changements dĂ©mographiques, la maintenance d‘aires de porositĂ© et de seuils, depuis les dĂ©coupages anciens en paroisse et rĂ©gion jusqu‘aux structures actuels

    Hélène Pagezy, August 2, 1945 - March 3, 2013

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    Doctor Hélène Pagezy has recently, and suddenly, passed away after forty years of meticulous anthropological research, conducted mainly in Africa

    Inferring haplotypes at the NAT2 locus: the computational approach

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    BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have attempted to relate genetic polymorphisms within the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene (NAT2) to interindividual differences in response to drugs or in disease susceptibility. However, genotyping of individuals single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) alone may not always provide enough information to reach these goals. It is important to link SNPs in terms of haplotypes which carry more information about the genotype-phenotype relationship. Special analytical techniques have been designed to unequivocally determine the allocation of mutations to either DNA strand. However, molecular haplotyping methods are labour-intensive and expensive and do not appear to be good candidates for routine clinical applications. A cheap and relatively straightforward alternative is the use of computational algorithms. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of the computational approach in NAT2 haplotype reconstruction from phase-unknown genotype data, for population samples of various ethnic origin. RESULTS: We empirically evaluated the effectiveness of four haplotyping algorithms in predicting haplotype phases at NAT2, by comparing the results with those directly obtained through molecular haplotyping. All computational methods provided remarkably accurate and reliable estimates for NAT2 haplotype frequencies and individual haplotype phases. The Bayesian algorithm implemented in the PHASE program performed the best. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides a solid basis for the confident and rational use of computational methods which appear to be a good alternative to infer haplotype phases in the particular case of the NAT2 gene, where there is near complete linkage disequilibrium between polymorphic markers

    Les erreurs dans les généalogies et leurs incidences sur l'estimation de la consanguinité

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    GÚnes et Langues : une longue histoire commune ?

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    Ce texte propose un point de vue critique sur la façon dont l’histoire des langues et l’histoire des populations humaines se sont construites en parallĂšle et en correspondance, depuis le dĂ©but du XIXe s. jusqu’à nos jours. D’un point de vue mĂ©thodologique, les convergences sont nombreuses, les linguistes, aussi bien que les gĂ©nĂ©ticiens des populations utilisant les mĂȘmes mĂ©thodes de distances, ou les mĂȘmes approches cladistiques ou probabilistes de reconstruction phylogĂ©nĂ©tique. La validitĂ© et les limites des analogies entre Ă©volution linguistique et gĂ©nĂ©tique sont discutĂ©es Ă  partir d’exemples tirĂ©s de la littĂ©rature rĂ©cente. L’analyse critique se place selon un double point de vue : d’abord en examinant comment ces diverses mĂ©thodes sont appliquĂ©es par les phylogĂ©nĂ©ticiens aux donnĂ©es linguistiques, sous le regard suspicieux de certains linguistes et, ensuite, en considĂ©rant la façon dont les gĂ©nĂ©ticiens des populations intĂšgrent certaines classifications linguistiques, souvent contestĂ©es par les linguistes, Ă  leurs propres problĂ©matiques gĂ©nĂ©tiques.This text is intended to review how the history of languages and the history of human populations were drawn in parallel and in correspondence, since the 19th century. From the methodological point of view, convergences are numerous, both linguists and population geneticists making use of the same distance methods and the same cladistic or probabilistic approaches. The validity and limits of this analogy between linguistic and genetic evolution of mankind are discussed from recent published examples. Critics are based alternately on how these methods are applied to the linguistic data by phylogeneticists, under the suspicious and critical look of some linguists, and on how the human population geneticists include linguistic classification, often much debated by linguists, within their own genetic concerns

    Histoires d’identitĂ© (gĂ©nĂ©tique)

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    Cette note prĂ©sente un point de vue historique sur les conditions dans lesquelles est apparu le concept d’identitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique entre quatre allĂšles de deux individus. Plusieurs dĂ©finitions possibles des Ă©tats d’identitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es entre les annĂ©es 1940 et 1970, avec des regroupements de ces Ă©tats qui diffĂ©rent d’un auteur Ă  l’autre. L’analyse historique de la littĂ©rature montre que la dĂ©finition et la description des Ă©tats d’identitĂ© se sont mises en place quasi-simultanĂ©ment, et trĂšs probablement indĂ©pendamment, en France et aux États-Unis.This note takes a historical perspective on the concept of genetic identity states between four alleles of two individuals. Several definitions of these states were proposed between 1940 and 1970, and states were diversely merged according to the authors. The historical analysis of the publications shows that the definition and the description of the identity states occurred quasi-simultaneously and most probably independently both in France and in the United States of America

    Distribution des patronymes et structure des populations dans les Pyrénées occidentales

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    Introduction Les recherches sur les noms de familles connaissent, depuis quelques annĂ©es, des dĂ©veloppements considĂ©rables consĂ©cutifs Ă  l’informatisation des sources et aux raffinements mĂ©thodologiques avec lesquels ces sources sont exploitĂ©es. Les registres paroissiaux, les actes de naissances, mariages ou dĂ©cĂšs sont en passe d’ĂȘtre systĂ©matiquement dĂ©pouillĂ©es et informatisĂ©s sur de larges zones gĂ©ographiques et sur plusieurs dizaines de gĂ©nĂ©rations, ouvrant ainsi de vastes champs d’invest..

    Origine et expansion de l’Afro-Asiatique : mĂ©thodologie pour une approche pluridisciplinaire

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    Le groupe linguistique afro-asiatique occupe un domaine gĂ©ographique Ă  cheval entre Afrique et Asie, une rĂ©partition qui pose la question de la localisation du berceau de cette famille. Linguistique, gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations et archĂ©ologie se sont penchĂ©es sur cette question sans toutefois parvenir Ă  y rĂ©pondre. La spĂ©cificitĂ© des approches de chacune de ces disciplines, ainsi que leur nature interprĂ©tative, rendent la question du foyer encore plus complexe et appellent Ă  une reformulation mĂ©thodologique de cette problĂ©matique. Cet article constitue une rĂ©flexion mĂ©thodologique sur la problĂ©matique de l’évolution d’un phylum linguistique et tente de dĂ©finir un cadre thĂ©orique global pour aborder l’évolution des populations humaines de façon syncrĂ©tique, biologique et culturelle Ă  la fois. Nous y prĂ©sentons une revue critique des approches linguistiques et extra-linguistiques de la question du foyer de l’Afro-Asiatique. Nous proposons une mĂ©thodologie unique tenant compte des limites observĂ©es dans les approches actuelles et passĂ©es sur cette question, de considĂ©rations propres Ă  chacune des disciplines concurrentes ainsi que des incidences dues Ă  la nature mĂȘme des donnĂ©es disponibles.The Afro-Asiatic linguistic group occupies a geographical zone which straddles two continents, Africa and Asia, a distribution which brings into question the location of this family’s homeland. Linguistics, Population Genetics and Archaeology have tried unsuccessfully to provide an answer, because the specificity and the interpretative nature of their different approaches make the homeland issue even more complex, and calls for reconsideration of the methodology used. This paper is a methodological reflection on the development of a linguistic group and an attempt to define an overall theoretical framework to consider the development of human populations in syncretic, biological and cultural terms. We present here a critical review of the linguistic and extra-linguistic methods applied to the question of an Afro-Asiatic homeland. We propose a single methodology taking into account the limitations observed in past and current works on the subject, the considerations related to each discipline as well as the particular impacts due to the nature of the available data

    Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) Genetic Diversity and Traditional Subsistence: A Worldwide Population Survey

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    Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is involved in human physiological responses to a variety of xenobiotic compounds, including common therapeutic drugs and exogenous chemicals present in the diet and the environment. Many questions remain about the evolutionary mechanisms that have led to the high prevalence of slow acetylators in the human species. Evidence from recent surveys of NAT2 gene variation suggests that NAT2 slow-causing variants might have become targets of positive selection as a consequence of the shift in modes of subsistence and lifestyle in human populations in the last 10,000 years. We aimed to test more extensively the hypothesis that slow acetylation prevalence in humans is related to the subsistence strategy adopted by the past populations. To this end, published frequency data on the most relevant genetic variants of NAT2 were collected from 128 population samples (14,679 individuals) representing different subsistence modes and dietary habits, allowing a thorough analysis at both a worldwide and continent scale. A significantly higher prevalence of the slow acetylation phenotype was observed in populations practicing farming (45.4%) and herding (48.2%) as compared to populations mostly relying on hunting and gathering (22.4%) (P = 0.0007). This was closely mirrored by the frequency of the slow 590A variant that was found to occur at a three-fold higher frequency in food producers (25%) as compared to hunter-gatherers (8%). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the Neolithic transition to subsistence economies based on agricultural and pastoral resources modified the selective regime affecting the NAT2 acetylation pathway. Furthermore, the vast amount of data collected enabled us to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date description of NAT2 worldwide genetic diversity, thus building up a useful resource of frequency data for further studies interested in epidemiological or anthropological research questions involving NAT2

    ActivitĂ©s scientifiques de la SociĂ©tĂ© d’Anthropologie de Paris (1996-2005)

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    Depuis 1859, annĂ©e de sa fondation, la SociĂ©tĂ© d’Anthropologie de Paris poursuit l’objectif majeur de «  couvrir et diffuser, de maniĂšre pluridisciplinaire, les divers champs de l’activitĂ© scientifique internationale dans le domaine de « l’histoire naturelle de l’homme », compris comme l’étude de l’origine et de la diversitĂ© du genre Homo» (http://bmsap.revues.org). L’activitĂ© ininterrompue que dĂ©ploie la SociĂ©tĂ© depuis le XIXe s. pour rĂ©pondre Ă  cet objectif a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© de l’investissement i..
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