THE STRICT NECESSITY TEST ON DATA PROTECTION BY THE CJEU: A PROPORTIONALITY TEST TO FACE THE CHALLENGES AT THE BEGINNING OF A NEW DIGITAL ERA IN THE MIDST OF SECURITY CONCERNS

Through the judgments Digital Rights Ireland and Tele2 Sverige, the CJEU emphasised the power of the CFR (in particular arts 7, 8, 52) through the fundamental right of data protection and general principles of law such as the principle of proportionality and legal certainty. Article 52 CFR represents the essence of justification. In the spirit of article 52(3) and (4) CFR it becomes evident that the CJEU, the ECtHR and the German Constitutional Court go in the same direction. The CJEU was brave enough to deliver a scathing verdict on data retention. More strongly than the German CC, the CJEU safeguards data protection. Hence, the decisions of the CJEU were described as milestone decisions and the CJEU as a Court of fundamental rights. On the other hand, the CJEU focused all its power on proportionality expressed through the element of strict necessity. It is astonishing that the Court does not use the existing methodology on proportionality to strengthen legal discipline and confidence. Although proportionality may be assessed differently in single legal systems and cultures, the broad constitutionalisation and application of proportionality in jurisdiction proves the power of this general principle of law. The exploration of this principle is rather challenging, but most beneficial for the future application of primary law

A comparative analysis of higher education systems in several first world countries

Rad prikazuje razlike, sličnosti i specifičnosti obrazovnih sustava u odabranim razvijenim zemljama svijeta: Australija, Finska, Indija, Izrael, Japan, Kanada, Kina, Rusija i Sjedinjene Američke Države. U teorijskom dijelu rada analizirane su slijedeće karakteristike odabranih zemalja: broj stanovnika, religijsko opredjeljenje, političko uređenje, službeni jezik, gospodarstvo, ekonomija, a uz analizu ovih karakteristika posebna pozornost pridaje se analizi osnovnog i srednjeg obrazovanja kako bi se dobila šira slika cjelokupnog obrazovnog sustava promatranih zemalja te kako bi se bolje shvatio visokoškolski sustav. U metodološkom dijelu postavljena su istraživačka pitanja i elementi koji će poslužiti za analizu visokoškolskih sustava unutar promatranih zemalja. Analizirani elementi su struktura studija, uvjeti i troškovi upisa te studentski zajmovi. Istraživački dio donosi pregled svih elemenata koji su cilj istraživanja. Komparativnom analizom odgovorilo se na istraživačka pitanja, a zaključni dio je pokazao da veće razlike postoje u troškovima upisa i studentskim zajmovima, dok su razlike u strukturi studija i uvjetima upisa manje. Rad će istaknuti specifičnosti koje krase svaki od odabranih obrazovnih sustava

A comparative analysis of higher education systems in several first world countries

Rad prikazuje razlike, sličnosti i specifičnosti obrazovnih sustava u odabranim razvijenim zemljama svijeta: Australija, Finska, Indija, Izrael, Japan, Kanada, Kina, Rusija i Sjedinjene Američke Države. U teorijskom dijelu rada analizirane su slijedeće karakteristike odabranih zemalja: broj stanovnika, religijsko opredjeljenje, političko uređenje, službeni jezik, gospodarstvo, ekonomija, a uz analizu ovih karakteristika posebna pozornost pridaje se analizi osnovnog i srednjeg obrazovanja kako bi se dobila šira slika cjelokupnog obrazovnog sustava promatranih zemalja te kako bi se bolje shvatio visokoškolski sustav. U metodološkom dijelu postavljena su istraživačka pitanja i elementi koji će poslužiti za analizu visokoškolskih sustava unutar promatranih zemalja. Analizirani elementi su struktura studija, uvjeti i troškovi upisa te studentski zajmovi. Istraživački dio donosi pregled svih elemenata koji su cilj istraživanja. Komparativnom analizom odgovorilo se na istraživačka pitanja, a zaključni dio je pokazao da veće razlike postoje u troškovima upisa i studentskim zajmovima, dok su razlike u strukturi studija i uvjetima upisa manje. Rad će istaknuti specifičnosti koje krase svaki od odabranih obrazovnih sustava

Vergleichende Studie über die Rückerstattung von Immatrikulationskosten an Universitäten in ausgewählten Ländern der Welt

Rad analizira razlike u načinima refundiranja troškova upisa na fakultete unutar obrazovnih sustava odabranih zemalja svijeta: Australija, Indija, Izrael, Japan, Kina i Rusija. Svrha je rada analizom zakonskih propisa utvrditi oblike financiranja upisa na visoko školstvo u navedenim zemljama. U uvodu rada donose se socio-ekonomske karakteristike poput: veličine, broja stanovnika, religijskoga opredjeljenja i političkoga uređenja. Predstavljene su vrste visoko obrazovnih institucija u istraživanim zemljama kao i predviđeni uvjeti upisa na odabrane visokoškolske ustanove. Postavljena su istraživačka pitanja kojima se želi odgovoriti na dvije odabrane kategorije kao što su uvjeti upisa i financiranje visokoškolskih sustava. Rasprava donosi interpretaciju komparativnih kategorija određenih ciljevima istraživanja. U zaključku su prikazane različitosti u načinima i uvjetima upisa na visoke škole, troškovi upisa i studentski zajmovi u promatranim zemljama kao i prikaz navedenih kategorija u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rad apostrofira specifičnosti koje izdvajaju i nude različite primjere te mogućnosti rješavanja ovoga gorućega problema u hrvatskom visokom školstvu.This work analyses differences in methods of refunding college entry fees within educational systems in selected countries of the world: Australia, India, Israel, Japan, China and Russia. Its aim is to determine financing methods of college entries in above mentioned countries by analysing legal acts. Introduction shows socio – economic characteristics such as territory, population, religious beliefs and political systems. Types of higher education institutions in observed countries are also represented, as well as requirements for entering selected higher education institutions. This research will try to elaborate on two selected categories such as terms of entry and financing the system of higher education. Interpretations of comparative categories that are determined by aims of this research are given in the discussion and presentation of these categories in the Republic of Croatia. Differences in ways and terms of entry to higher education, as well as entry fees and student loans in studied countries, are presented in the conclusion. The paper points out particularities that set apart and offer various examples and possible solutions to this problem in Croatian higher education.Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Unterschiede in der Art und Weise der Rückerstattung von Immatrikulationkosten an Universitäten im Rahmen der Bildungssysteme in ausgewählten Ländern der Welt: Australien, Indien, Israel, Japan, China und Russland. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist mit Hilfe der Analyse der Gesetzgebung die Formen der Finanzierung bei der Immatrikulation an Hochschulen in diesen Ländern zu bestimmen. In der Einführung der Arbeit werden die sozioökonomischen Merkmale wie Größe, Bevölkerung, Religionszugehörigkeit und politisches System angeführt. Es wurden die Typen von Hochschuleinrichtungen in diesen Ländern und die voraussichtlichen Immatrikulationsbedingungen an ausgewählten Hochschulen präsentiert. Mit den gestellten Forschungsfragen wird versucht, zwei ausgewählte Kategorien auszuarbeiten, nämlich die Immatrikulationsbedingungen und Finanzierung der Hochschulsysteme. Die Diskussion führt die Auslegung vergleichender Kategorien an, die durch die Forschungsziele bestimmt sind. In der Schlussfolgerung werden die Unterschiede bei den Verfahren und Bedingungen für die Immatrikulation an Hochschulen, bei den Kosten für die Einschreibung und Studentendarlehen in ausgewählten Ländern aufgezeigt, sowie die Präsentation der aufgeführten Kategorien in der Republik Kroatien. Der Beitrag unterstreicht die Besonderheiten, die verschiedene Beispiele betonen und eine Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten zur Bewältigung dieses drängenden Problems in der kroatischen Hochschulbildung bieten

Spinal Deformities among Pupils – A Growing Issue

This paper presents data obtained by somatic examination of pupils in the 1st, 5th and 8th grade of elementary school in the area of the Town of Split in the period of three school years. There was a corresponding increase in bad posture, over the school years observed, with an increase in kyphosis among pupils of both genders. The occurrence of kyphosis among boys ranged from 0.49% in the first grade, 0.88% in the fifth grade, to 2.11% in the eighth grade. The frequency of kyphosis was at first somewhat lower in girls; however, it significantly increased later, exceeding the frequency among male students. Thus, kyphosis in girls ranged from 0.42% in the first grade, 0.88% in the fifth grade, and even up to 4.60% in the eighth grade of elementary school. Therefore, the ratio of 14-year old girls to boys with kyphosis was 2.2:1. The frequency of scoliosis among boys ranged from 0.55% in the first grade, 2.13% in the fifth grade, and up to 3.01% in the eighth grade. Throughout the whole period, the frequency of this deformity was higher in girls than boys. Thus, scoliosis in female students ranged from 0.89% in the first grade, 3.23% in the fifth grade, and even up to 5.70% in the eighth grade. It is obvious that scoliosis as a deformity affects girls significantly more often than boys during the entire period of elementary school, and the ratio at the age of 14 is 1.8:1

Social influences on the education of women in Arab countries

Rad analizira kategorije koje imaju utjecaj na obrazovanje žena u arapskim zemljama. Svrha je otkriti postojanje društvenih elemenata koji odražavaju negativne utjecaje na obrazovanje žena. Teorijski dio donosi popis zemalja koje su u središtu istraživanja i njihove karakteristike zemljopisnog položaja i stanovništva. Analiza osnovnih društvenih karakteristika prikazuje identitet arapskog naroda te njihove utjecaje na način života. Cilj istraživanja ostvarit će se odgovaranjem na hipotezu prema kojoj arapsko društvo ne omogućava ženama jednako pravo na obrazovanje. U radu se analiziraju zakonodavstvo, politička prava žena te karakteristike društva i religije koji su povezani s obrazovanjem žena. Navedene kategorije pružile su odgovor na pitanje postoje li teorijske pretpostavke nejednakosti u obrazovanju žena unutar arapskih država. Statistički pokazatelji stope nepismenosti te pohađanja osnovne i srednje škole doprinijeli su prikazu stvarnog stanja obrazovanja žena u arapskim zemljama. Zaključni dio rada donosi rezultate analize u kojoj mjeri analizirane kategorije utječu na obrazovanje žena te na njihovu neravnopravnost u društvu.This paper analyzes categories which influence education of women in Arab countries. The objective is to explore the existence of social elements that have negative effects on education of women. Theoretical part lists countries that are object of the study, as well as their geographical characteristics and population. Analysis of basic social characteristics shows the identity of Arabian nations, and the influence of those characteristics on their way of living. Aim of the research will be accomplished by answering the hypothesis which states that Arabian society deprives women of their right to education. This paper analyzes legislation, women’s political rights, and the characteristics of society and religion that are associated with education of women. Given categories have answered the question if there are any theoretical assumptions of inequality in education of women within Arab countries. Statistical indicators of illiteracy rate and primary and secondary school attendance have contributed to the realistic insight in education of women in Arab countries. The final part of this paper shows the results of the extent to which the analyzed categories affect the education of women, and their inequality in society

A comparative analysis of higher education systems in several first world countries

Rad prikazuje razlike, sličnosti i specifičnosti obrazovnih sustava u odabranim razvijenim zemljama svijeta: Australija, Finska, Indija, Izrael, Japan, Kanada, Kina, Rusija i Sjedinjene Američke Države. U teorijskom dijelu rada analizirane su slijedeće karakteristike odabranih zemalja: broj stanovnika, religijsko opredjeljenje, političko uređenje, službeni jezik, gospodarstvo, ekonomija, a uz analizu ovih karakteristika posebna pozornost pridaje se analizi osnovnog i srednjeg obrazovanja kako bi se dobila šira slika cjelokupnog obrazovnog sustava promatranih zemalja te kako bi se bolje shvatio visokoškolski sustav. U metodološkom dijelu postavljena su istraživačka pitanja i elementi koji će poslužiti za analizu visokoškolskih sustava unutar promatranih zemalja. Analizirani elementi su struktura studija, uvjeti i troškovi upisa te studentski zajmovi. Istraživački dio donosi pregled svih elemenata koji su cilj istraživanja. Komparativnom analizom odgovorilo se na istraživačka pitanja, a zaključni dio je pokazao da veće razlike postoje u troškovima upisa i studentskim zajmovima, dok su razlike u strukturi studija i uvjetima upisa manje. Rad će istaknuti specifičnosti koje krase svaki od odabranih obrazovnih sustava

Ixodes ricinus immunogenic saliva protein, homologue to Amblyomma americanum AV422: Determining its potential for use in tick bite confirmation

Tick bites often go unnoticed, so specific reliable tests are needed to confirm them for prompt diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne diseases. One of the promising candidates for developing such a test is AV422, a tick saliva protein that has been conserved across tick genera. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of the AV422 homologue from Ixodes ricinus to be used for tick bite detection for both Prostriata and Metastriata. We expressed recombinant (r) I. ricinus (Ir) AV422 in E. coli and subjected it to Western blot analysis using rat antibodies to saliva proteins of both I. ricinus (Prostriata) and Dermacentor reticulatus (Metastriata) larvae. Our data demonstrate that rIrAV422 specifically bound to antibodies from sera of rats used for both I. ricinus and D. reticulatus larvae feeding, but not to antibodies from control serum, emphasizing its specificity since tick bites were the sole cause of sera reactivity