Analiza rodno nediskriminirajućega jezika u sportu i vježbanju

Gender-sensitive language, gender-neutral language, gender-inclusive language, gender-free language and gender-fair language are terms used in English to refer to the usage of a tactful and respectful selection of vocabulary devoid of unfounded, unfair and discriminatory reference to women in contrast with men. Sport as a global social phenomenon strives for effort, excellence, fair play, solidarity and respect for all, and tries, among other things connected with these principles, to implement gender-fair policy throughout its domains, language included. The aim of this research was to analyse, both diachronically and synchronically, the usage of gender-fair language in competitive sport as well as in the scientific journals addressing sport and exercise-related topics. To realize the aim of this research, several relevant sources were inspected. As for competitive sport, first the texts of the Olympic Charter (the name is generally used in reference to all the editions) were analysed from its first edition in the English language, besides French, published in 1930 up to the latest edition published in 2015. Secondly, the set of nine documents published by the International Olympic Committee was scrutinized in terms of gender-fair vocabulary both with respect to diachrony and synchrony of their usage. Thirdly, the set of seven documents published by sports governing bodies were investigated to find out whether they abide by the principle of using gender-fair language. Further, names of sporting events and terms designating a person or persons participating in a sporting event were explored. As regards scientific inquiry, to analyse the policy of abiding by the same principle, i.e. by the principle of using non-discriminatory language in scholarly writing, a set of scientific journals that publish articles whose topics are sport-related was selected. The Web of Science Core Collection – Science Citation Index Expanded, an example of a relevant and a highly valued database in which a multitude of scientific publications – sport-related in terms of their topic as well – are indexed, was searched to look into the word choice used to talk about women and men in sport. The analysis has shown that special attention is paid to using genderfair language both in competitive sport and in scientific writing. Although evidence revealed that in some cases gender-fair language is either inconsistently used or better solutions should be sought, sport is indisputably a domain which strives to follow a policy aimed at developing equal opportunities for women and men – using gender-fair language being one of the ways to corroborate this endeavour.Cilj je istraživanja dijakronijski i sinkronijski analizirati uporabu rodno nediskriminirajućega jezika u engleskome jeziku u tekstovima koji se odnose na natjecateljski sport i znanstvenim časopisima koji se bave temama vezanima za sport. U kontekstu natjecateljskoga sporta analiziraju se primjeri rodno (ne) diskriminirajućega rječnika u izdanjima Olimpijske povelje od 1930. do 2015., skup drugih dokumenata koje je objavio Međunarodni olimpijski odbor te skup dokumenata koje su objavile druge međunarodne sportske organizacije i rukovodeća tijela u sportu kako bi se utvrdilo poštuju li načelo uporabe rodno nediskriminirajućega jezika. Slijedi analiza engleskih naziva natjecateljskih disciplina i naziva za osobe koje u njima sudjeluju. Predmet je daljnje analize skup istaknutih znanstvenih publikacija na engleskome jeziku, koje se analiziraju s obzirom na odabir rječnika kojim se koriste kad govore o muškarcima i ženama. Podloga za ovaj dio istraživanja bila je visoko cijenjena citatna baza podataka Web of Science Core Collection – Science Citation Index Expanded. Zaključuje se da se u natjecateljskome sportu, kao i u znanstvenim tekstovima osobita pažnja poklanja uporabi rodno nediskriminirajućega jezika

Die Charakteristiken der Sprache in der sport-werbung

This paper analyzes the sample comprising 32 TV sports commercials in the English language – eight commercials which advertise a sports product and 24 commercials which advertise some other products and in which sports is the pictorial background of the commercial. The goal of the research was to analyze the usage of sentences types, tenses, mood, voice, parts of speech and figurative language both in the spoken and in the written texts of the commercials and to indicate the correlation between their application and the topics and goals of the commercials. Some sentence types (primarily the one-member and the simple sentences, and statements in both the spoken and the written texts, as well as the commands and exclamations in the spoken texts), the tenses (present simple), the mood (imperative) and the voice (active), the parts of speech (primarily the nouns and the verbs to a lesser extent), and figurative language were used in order to create clear associations which are by their nature positive. In this way the commercial efficiently motivates the consumer to make a decision about buying a particular product, thus fulfilling the basic goal of the commercial.Dieser Artikel analysiert eine Stichprobe, die 32 Sportwerbungen in der englischen Sprache umfaßt -acht Werbungen, die für ein Sport-Produkt werben und 24 Werbungen, die für sportfremde Produkte werben und in denen der Sport als das Szenenbild verwendet wird. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, die Prozente von verschiedenen Satzarten, Tempora, Modi, Genera und Wortarten zu berechnen und die Verwendung von einigen sprachlichen Ausdrucksmitteln zu beschreiben, sowohl in den gesprochenen als auch in den geschriebenen Texten der analysierten Werbungen, um die Korrelation zwischen ihrer Anwendung und die Werbeziele festzustellen. Einige Satzarten (vor allem die eingliedrigen und die einfachen Satze sowie die Aussagesitze, sowohl in den gesprochenen als auch in den geschriebenen Texten, und die Imperativ- und Ausrufesitze in den gesprochenen Texten), Tempora (Present Simple), Modi (Imperativ) und Genera (Aktiv), Wortarten (vor allem Substantive und, bis zu einem gewissen Grade, die Verben) und einige sprachlichen Ausdrucksmitteln wurden für die analysierten Werbungen ausgewählt, um klare Assoziationen hervorzurufen, die von ihrer Natur aus positiv sind. Folglich motiviert die Werbung einen Konsumenten, die Entscheidung zu treffen, das Produkt, für das geworben wurde, zu kaufen. Hiermit wird das Hauptziel der Werbung erreicht

Jezični profil referenca u člancima časopisa kineziologija/kinesiology od 1971. do 2010. godine

The goal of this paper was to provide a diachronic survey of the language of sources cited in the journal Kineziologija/Kinesiology from 1971 to 2010. Also, interactions were sought between various variables regarding various aspects of article publication – publication year, language of sources cited, number of sources cited, author’s country of origin and gender. The population was comprised of 760 articles published in the journal Kineziologija/Kinesiology throughout forty years of its publication. Results of the analyses were expressed in frequencies and by interaction plots of the analysed variables. The allocation of the total number of sources cited showed that the largest number of papers cited between 10 and 19 sources. The highest average number of sources cited per paper was in English, followed by the average number of sources in Croatian. The number of all sources cited per article significantly increased in the last decade of the journal’s publication as did the number of sources in the English language. Most papers were authored by researchers from the Slavic language-speaking countries. The number of non-English sources used by the authors from Slavic language-speaking countries was larger than the number of non-English sources used by the authors from countries in which languages other than English, German, Romance and Slavic languages are spoken. Most of the 760 papers were written by men, followed by the number of papers written in coauthorship of men and women. The number of papers written exclusively by women was the lowest. This type of analysis could be regarded not only as a mirror of the journal’s development, but also as a mirror of the development of a society.Cilj je ovoga rada bio dati dijakronijski pregled jezika referenca članaka objavljenih u časopisu Kineziologija/Kinesiology od 1971. do 2010. Godine. Tražilo se i moguće međudjelovanje među različitim varijablama s obzirom na razne aspekte publiciranja članaka – godina objavljivanja, jezik reference, broj referenca, zemlja autorova podrijetla te spol autora. Populacija se sastojala od 760 članaka objavljenih u časopisu Kineziologija/Kinesiology tijekom 40 godina njegova izlaženja. Rezultati analiza su izraženi kao frekvencije i interakcijski dijagrami analiziranih varijabla. Raspored ukupnoga broja referenca je pokazao da je većina članaka sadržavala između 10 i 19 referenca. Najveći prosječan broj referenca po članku bio je na engleskome, a zatim na hrvatskome jeziku. Broj svih referenca po članku, kao i broj referenca na engleskomu jeziku značajno su se povećali tijekom posljednjega desetljeća izlaženja časopisa. Većina je autora članaka bila iz zemalja slavenskoga govornoga područja. Broj referenca s govornih područja izvan engleskoga, a koje su u svojim radovima rabili autori iz slavenskoga govornog područja bio je veći od broja referenca na jezicima izvan engleskoga u radovima autora koji su dolazili iz zemalja u kojima su se govorili jezici koji nisu bili engleski jezik, njemački jezik te neki romanski ili slavenski jezik. Većinu su članaka napisali muškarci, a potom muškarci u koautorstvu sa ženama. Broj članaka koje su napisale isključivo žene bio je najmanji. Ova vrsta analize može se smatrati ne samo zrcalom razvoja časopisa, već i zrcalom društvenih promjena

PUBLICATION LANGUAGE OF CROATIAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS FROM THE HUMANITIES REVISITED

The research aimed to analyse the language of publication of journals classified under humanistic sciences (humanities) at Hrčak, the portal of scientific journals of Croatia. As for their scopes, the journals were categorized into mono-disciplinary, intra-area and inter-area ones. Most journals allocated to the humanistic sciences were published either exclusively or mainly in Croatian, and English appeared to be the second most frequent publication language. The yielded results point to two directions in Croatian scientific journals in terms of the publication language. On the one hand, they aim to the international dissemination of the research results, which implies that the articles are published in English or some other widespread language. On the other hand, cultural traditions should be preserved, and one way of doing so is to publish in the standard Croatian language. Interestingly, containing articles written in English did not prove to be a factor for the inclusion of journals in the Web of Science (WoS). Ultimately, the language of the journals’ titles of the three scope categories was scrutinized for both the whole sample and the subsample of journals indexed in the Web of Science. In both cases, the predominance of the journals’ titles in Croatian was evident

Promotion als Element des Marketing-Mix im Sport und Sport-Tourismus: kroatische Erfahrungen

The economics of sport, sport marketing, sport management and entrepreneurship in sport are relatively new concepts, both in Croatia and in the world, as regards their analysis and possibilities of implementation. Therefore, studies of these concepts contribute valuable knowledge that will encourage further research into the development of corresponding marketing strategies and their implementation. The finding that sport activity participation has beneficial effects on the health status of people on the one hand, and on the other, the boom of sports industry led to the development of a new type of tourism, namely, the sport tourism. The importance of promotion as a marketing mix element employed in sport and tourism is indisputable, and the selection of promotional mix strategies is crucial for the realization of marketing goals.Promocija kao element sportskog marketing miksa predstavlja zbroj različitih aktivnosti i nastojanja kompanija da potencijalne i stvarne potrošače upoznaju sa svojim proizvodima. Promocija sportskih proizvoda i usluga danas je nezaobilazan čimbenik u funkciji razvoja sporta, jer se sportski proizvodi velikim dijelom realiziraju na tržištu. S obzirom da turizam predstavlja industriju od koje Hrvatska očekuje velike ekonomske učinke, prilagođavanje turističke ponude neminovno ide u smjeru praćenja svjetskih trendova, što u konkretnom slučaju znači da se turistička ponuda oslanja na rezultate istraživanja po kojima zahtjevi turista za sportski orijentiranim aktivnim odmorima zauzimaju visoko mjesto na ljestvici motiva za odabir određene turističke destinacije. U ovome su radu prikazani povezanost turizma i sporta te, posljedično, načini promoviranja sportskih proizvoda i usluga u hrvatskom sportu i sportskom turizmu. Brojnost sportaša u raznim sportovima i broj njihovih nastupa na međunarodnim natjecanjima, kao i broj sportskih natjecanja organiziranih u Republici Hrvatskoj u kojima sudjeluju sportaši iz cijelog svijeta predstavljaju realnu ekonomsku osnovu kako za promicanje sporta, sportaša, turističkih destinacija (podjednako onih u kojima se nude sportsko-rekreacijski sadržaji, ali i onih u kojima se nude usko specijalizirani programi, kao što su to, primjerice, programi za sportsku pripremu sportaša), tako i za realizaciju ekonomskih učinaka. Svjetski uspjesi hrvatskih sportaša imaju pri tome snažnu promotivnu ulogu. Njihova imena i rezultati predstavljaju jedan od najboljih načina reklamiranja turističkih destinacija, ali i lokaliteta koji omogućavaju provođenje programa sportske pripreme. Promocija programa pripreme sportaša trebala bi biti dio ukupne turističke ponude neke zemlje, pa tako i Hrvatske. U sportu je cilj promotivnih aktivnosti privući što veći broj potrošača-korisnika. U promociji sporta te u promociji sportskog turizma moguće je koristiti sve oblike i načine promocijskog spleta: propagandu, osobnu promociju i prodaju, publicitet i odnose s javnošću. Kvaliteta promocije ovisi, osim o pravilnom odabiru promotivnih strategija i promotivnih sredstava, o još jednom ključnom čimbeniku, čija je zadaća objediniti i staviti u funkciju sve prethodno navedene elemente. Taj je element čovjek. Specijalizirani i dobro obrazovani stručnjak zna što i kako promovirati u sportu. Stoga bi svaka sportska organizacija morala imati plan promocije.Ökonomie des Sports, Sport-Marketing, Sport-Management und Unternehmertum im Sport sind ziemlich neue Honzepte, sowohl in Hroatien als auch auf der Welt, bezüglich deren Analyse und Anwendung. Die Studien von diesen Honzepten werden deswegen als Resultat wertvolle Henntnisse haben, die dann die weitere Entwicklung entsprechender Marketing-Strategien und deren Anwendung fördern werden. Der Befund, dass sportive Betätigung vorteilhafte Wirkung auf den Gesundheitszustand der Menschen hat, einerseits, und die außerordentliche Expansion der Sportindustrie andererseits führten zur Entwicklung einer neuen Art vom Tourismus, nämlich, Sport-Tourismus. Die Bedeutung der Promotion, als ein Element des Marketing-Mix, das im Sport und Tourismus angewendet wird, ist unbestreitbar, und die Auswahl von Strategien, die dieses Marketing-Mix-Element gestalten, ist entscheidend für die Realisierung von Marketingszielen

Stvaranje znanja u kineziologiji promatrano kroz naslove radova objavljenih u akademskome časopisu – lingvistički pristup

The aim of this research was to try to present, on the basis of titles of papers published in an academic journal, knowledge production in kinesiology. The sample consisted of 781 titles of papers published in the journal Kinesiologija/Kinesiology from 1971 to 2011. The list of lexical items used for this investigation to analyse, both diachronically and contextually, knowledge production connected with the science of human movement consisted of the following items: structure, structural; movement, motion, motor, motor ability; activity, exercise, sport; change, transformation, alteration; influence, impact; and effect, effectiveness. The analysis has shown the listed lexical items to appear in a multitude of collocations and contexts, i.e. linear combinations of words, thus indicating their meaning and reflecting the body of research, which consequently shapes knowledge in the scientific discipline in question.Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio pokušati prikazati stvaranje znanja u kineziologiji na temelju engleskih naslova radova objavljenih u akademskome časopisu. Uzorak se sastojao od 781 naslova članaka objavljenih u časopisu Kineziologija/Kinesiology od 1971. do 2011. Popis riječi koje su u ovome istraživanju poslužile za dijakronijsku i kontekstualnu analizu stvaranja znanja vezanoga za znanost o ljudskome kretanju sastojao se od sljedećih leksičkih jedinica: structure, structural; movement, motion, motor, motor ability; activity, exercise, sport; change, transformation, alteration; influence, impact; and effect, effectiveness. Analiza je pokazala da se navedeni nazivi pojavljuju u brojnim kolokacijama i kontekstima, tj. linearnim kombinacijama riječi te da time ukazuju na njihova značenja i odražavaju provedena istraživanja, a time se posljedično oblikuje znanje u analiziranoj znanstvenoj disciplini

PUBLICATION LANGUAGE OF CROATIAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS FROM THE HUMANITIES REVISITED

The research aimed to analyse the language of publication of journals classified under humanistic sciences (humanities) at Hrčak, the portal of scientific journals of Croatia. As for their scopes, the journals were categorized into mono-disciplinary, intra-area and inter-area ones. Most journals allocated to the humanistic sciences were published either exclusively or mainly in Croatian, and English appeared to be the second most frequent publication language. The yielded results point to two directions in Croatian scientific journals in terms of the publication language. On the one hand, they aim to the international dissemination of the research results, which implies that the articles are published in English or some other widespread language. On the other hand, cultural traditions should be preserved, and one way of doing so is to publish in the standard Croatian language. Interestingly, containing articles written in English did not prove to be a factor for the inclusion of journals in the Web of Science (WoS). Ultimately, the language of the journals’ titles of the three scope categories was scrutinized for both the whole sample and the subsample of journals indexed in the Web of Science. In both cases, the predominance of the journals’ titles in Croatian was evident

Terms of Foreign Origin in Kinesiological Terminology

The aim of this study was to analyse the words of foreign origin that have entered the Croatian language and that are used within the domain of kinesiology, the science of human movement. The sample consisted of 659 technical terms that were ultimately categorised into eight categories: terms of English, French, Latin, Italian, German and Greek origin, and the categories proper names and other languages. The allocation of terms per category was expressed both in frequency distributions and in percentages. It is evident that the terms of English origin were the most frequent ones (26.6%), as well as proper names (26.6%), followed by the terms from French (10.9%), Latin (9.5%) and Italian (9%). There are some technical terms that are borrowings for which there are no originally Croatian translation equivalents, and for a number of them such equivalents might never be found. However, it is possible to find Croatian counterparts for the other terms of foreign origin which could appropriately denote the concepts in question. In the end, it is also concluded that the international nature of kinesiological vocabulary helps in developing communicative competence in Croatian sportsmen when using English as a foreign language

KVANTITATIVNA ANALIZA RJEČNIKA SPORTSKOGA NAZIVLJA

Terminološki rječnici nastoje prikupiti i organizirati nazivlje određenoga predmetnog područja. S razvojem društva, znanosti i tehnologije raste i broj predmetnih područja, a time i broj terminoloških rječnika za predmetna područja, pa tako i za sport. S obzirom na to da je sport društveni fenomen kojemu je jedno od ključnih obilježja njegov globalni karakter, istraživanje u ovome radu fokusira se na parametre koji opisuju skup obilježja rječnika sportskoga nazivlja. Pritom se pridjev sportski rabio u vrlo širokom značenju koje pokriva i područje pojedinih sportova i područje sportskih znanosti (anatomiju, fiziologiju, psihologiju, biomehaniku) te teoriju treninga. Cilj je rada analizirati uzorak od 103 rječnika sportskoga nazivlja s nekoliko motrišta: godinu objavljivanja, govorno područje na kojemu je rječnik objavljen, vrstu rječnika (jedno-, dvo- i višejezični rječnici), jezik objavljivanja te predmetno potpodručje koje rječnik pokriva. Rezultati analize pokazuju određene trendove u odnosima među analiziranim parametrima. Jedan je od ključnih, ali i očekivanih trendova taj da su rječnici objavljeni na engleskome govornom području dominantno jednojezični i najčešće su obrađivali terminologiju koja se rabi u nekoliko predmetnih potpodručja, dok su rječnici objavljeni na ne-engleskome govornom području bili dominantno više- i dvojezični te su se najčešće bavili terminologijom jednoga sporta

Die Sprache des Sports

Cilj ovoga rada bio je prikazati protok izraza iz općeg jezika u jezik sporta, te natrag u opći jezik ili prijenos izraza kojima je porijeklo u samom jeziku sporta u opći jezik. Obuhvaćeno je 45 osnovnih rijeci koje su složene abecednim redoslijedom, a uz osnovne rijeci predočeno je 67 pripadajućih idioma uz koje stoji značenje i primjer. Uočeno je da se izrazi iz jezika sporta osim u općem jeziku koriste osobito i u jeziku gospodarstva.The object of this paper was to show both the transfer of expressions from the general language of sport into the sports language and back into general language, and the transfer of expressions, which have their origin in the language of sport, into the general language. The corpus comprises 45 basic words (given in alphabetical order) and 67 accompanying idioms together with their meaning and examples. It can be seen that the expressions from the language of sport are used not only in general language but also in the language of economy.Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war sowohl den Transfer von Ausdrücken aus der allgemeinen Sprache in die Sprache des Sports und zurück in die allgemeine Sprache als auch den Transfer von den in der Sportsprache entstandenen Ausdrücken in die allgemeine Sprache darzustellen. Das Korpus umfaβt 45 in der alphabetischen Reihenfolge angeführte Hauptwörter mit 67 dazugehörenden Redewendungen mit ihrer Bedeutung und mit Beispielen. Es ist zu sehen, daβ die Ausdrücke, die in der Sportsprache entstehen, nicht nur in der allgemeinen Sprache sondern auch in der Wirtschaftssprache angewendet werden