Qualité des grains et aptitude à la transformation : cas des variétés de Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetumg laucum et Zea mays en usage en Afrique de l’Ouest

La qualité des grains de vingt-deux variétés, dont sept de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor), sept de mil (Pennisetumg laucum) et huit de maïs (Zea mays) est étudiée par des méthodes standard. L’évaluation physicochimique montre que le poids de 1000 grains est le paramètre le plus discriminatoire comparativement à la forme, les dimensions, la couleur et l’endosperme des grains. Sur le plan du profil nutritionnel, la variété de maïs FBMS1 est la plus intéressante par ses teneurs élevées en protéines (15,5%), en lipides (13%) et en cendres (2,5%). Dix variétés, soit cinq de mil (IKMP5, IKMV8201, SOSATC88, GB8735, Tabi), deux de maïs (Wari, Espoir), trois de sorgho (Tiéblé, Sariaso14, ICSV1049) présentent un profil nutritionnel moyen. Par contre, onze variétés, soit deux de mil (IKMP1, Gampèla), cinq de maïs (Bondofa, SR21, Barka, FBC6, Massongo) et quatre de sorgho (Fibmigou, Kapelga, Sariaso11, Framida) montrent un faible profil nutritionnel. Néanmoins, Kapelga, Fibmigou et IKMP1 se distinguent par leurs teneurs intéressantes en protéines ou en fer. Au plan technologique, l’évaluation de la vitrosité et de la dureté des grains indique que seulement trois variétés de mil (SOSATC88, GB8735, Gampèla) et une variété de sorgho (Framida) sont à grains farineux, donc peu aptes au décorticage.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Sorgho, mil, maïs, composition, propriété physicochimique, propriété techEnglish Title: Grains quality and food processing aptitude: case of varieties of Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum glaucum and Zea mays from West AfricaEnglish AbstractGrain quality of twenty two varieties, including seven sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), seven millet (Pennisetumg laucum) and eight maize (Zea mays)is studied by standard method. The evaluation of physicochemical characteristics shows that the 1000-grain weight is the most discriminatory comparatively to the grain and endosperm form and color, and the grain size. With respect to nutritional profile, maize variety FBMS1 is  the most interesting due to its high contents in protein (15.5%), fat (13%), and ash (2.5%). A total of ten (10) varieties, including five of millet (IKMP5, IKMV8201, SOSATC88, GB8735, Tabi), two of maize (Wari, Espoir) and three of sorghum (Tiéblé, Sariaso14, ICSV1049) show medium nutritional profile. On the contrary, eleven varieties out of which, two of millet (IKMP1, Gampèla), five of maize (Bondofa, SR21, Barka, FBC6, Massongo) and four of sorghum (Fibmigou, Kapelga, Sariaso11,Framida) show a low nutritional profile. Nevertheless, Kapelga, Fibmigou and IKMP1 are standing out due to their interesting levels of protein or iron. With the respect to the technology, the result of vitreousness and hardness of the kernels indicate that only three varieties of millet (SOSATC88, GB8735, Gampèla) and one variety of sorghum (Framida) are floury kernels, so just suit for dehulling.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Sorghum, pearlmillet, maize, composition, physico-chemical properties, technological propertie

Valeur diagnostique de deux tests rapides utilisés dans le diagnostic du VIH-2 au Mali : Diagnosis value of two HIV-2 rapid diagnostic tests used in Mali

Context and objective. In sub-Saharan Africa, the epicenter of HIV infection, rapid tests are proposed in first line, but diagnosis value of these tests is rarely performed. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the performance of 2 rapid tests used for the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection compared to a baseline test in order to propose in algorithm for HIV infection diagnosis in health care system. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in three treatment centers in Mali (Bamako, Segou and Sikasso). The tests evaluated were: Genie® II HIV-1/HIV-2 (Sanofi Diagnostic Pasteur, France) and ImmunoComb® II HIV 1&2 BiSpot (Organics, Strasbourg, France). The study involved 34 sera collected consecutively. The l’INNO-LIA HIV I/II Score confirmatory test was used as a reference test in Belgium. Performance of tests were assessed using sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and kappa concordance. Results. Patients’ ages ranged from 12 years to 78 years, 19 patients were women (55.8%) and 28 patients had HIV-2 infection. The sensitivity of the rapid tests was 96.4%. The kappa concordance coefficient was 0.85. We found 28 HIV-2 positive patients out of 34 patients. Conclusions. The two rapid tests used in Mali yielded satisfactory results, but the quality of HIV-1 and 2 discrimination serology could be improved. Contexte et objectif. Dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne épicentre de l’infection à VIH, les tests rapides sont proposés en première intention, mais la valeur diagnostique de ces tests est rarement réalisée. L’objectif du présent travail était d’évaluer la performance de 2 tests rapides utilisés pour le diagnostic de l’infection à VIH-2 par rapport un test de référence afin de proposer des algorithmes de tests simples et rapides utilisables dans les structures sanitaires. Méthodes.Une étude transversale a été réalisée, dans trois centres de prise en charge au Mali (Bamako, Ségou et Sikasso). Les tests évalués étaient le Genie® II HIV-1/HIV-2 (Sanofi Diagnostic Pasteur, France) et l’ImmunoComb® II HIV 1&2 BiSpot (Organics, Strasbourg, France). L’étude a porté sur 34 sérums collectés consécutivement. Le test de confirmation l’INNO-LIA HIV I/II Score a été utilisé comme test de référence en Belgique. La performance de deux tests précités a été évaluée en recherchant la sensibilité, la spécificité, la valeur prédictive positive (VPP), la valeur prédictive négative (VPN) et la concordance. Résultats. L’âge des patients variait de 12 ans à 78 ans, 19 patients étaient des femmes (55,8%) et 28 patients avaient le VIH-2. La sensibilité des tests rapides était de 96,4%. Le coefficient de concordance kappa était de 0,85. Conclusions. Les deux tests rapides utilisés au Mali ont donné des résultats satisfaisants, et peuvent être proposés en première intention dans l’algorithme national du diagnostic de l’infection à VIH-2 au Mali

Polymorphisms of HIV-2 integrase and selection of resistance to raltegravir

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 2 is naturally resistant to some antiretroviral drugs, restricting therapeutic options for patients infected with HIV-2. Regimens including integrase inhibitors (INI) seem to be effective, but little data on HIV-2 integrase (IN) polymorphisms and resistance pathways are available.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>The <it>integrase </it>coding sequence from 45 HIV-2-infected, INI-naïve, patients was sequenced and aligned against the ROD (group A) or EHO (group B) reference strains and polymorphic or conserved positions were analyzed.</p> <p>To select for raltegravir (RAL)-resistant variants <it>in vitro</it>, the ROD strain was cultured under increasing sub-optimal RAL concentrations for successive rounds. The phenotype of the selected variants was assessed using an MTT assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We describe <it>integrase </it>gene polymorphisms in HIV-2 clinical isolates from 45 patients. Sixty-seven percent of the integrase residues were conserved. The HHCC Zinc coordination motif, the catalytic triad DDE motif, and AA involved in IN-DNA binding and correct positioning were highly conserved and unchanged with respect to HIV-1 whereas the connecting residues of the N-terminal domain, the dimer interface and C-terminal LEDGF binding domain were highly conserved but differed from HIV-1. The N155 H INI resistance-associated mutation (RAM) was detected in the virus population from one ARV-treated, INI-naïve patient, and the 72I and 201I polymorphisms were detected in samples from 36 and 38 patients respectively. No other known INI RAM was detected.</p> <p>Under RAL selective pressure <it>in vitro</it>, a ROD variant carrying the Q91R+I175M mutations was selected. The Q91R and I175M mutations emerged simultaneously and conferred phenotypic resistance (13-fold increase in IC₅₀). The Q91R+I175M combination was absent from all clinical isolates. Three-dimensional modeling indicated that residue 91 lies on the enzyme surface, at the entry of a pocket containing the DDE catalytic triad and that adding a positive charge (Gln to Arg) might compromise IN-RAL affinity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>HIV-2 polymorphisms from 45 INI-naïve patients are described. Conserved regions as well as frequencies of HIV-2 IN polymorphisms were comparable to HIV-1. Two new mutations (Q91R and I175M) that conferred high resistance to RAL were selected <it>in vitro</it>, which might affect therapeutic outcome.</p

Antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions in HIV-infected patients in Mali: a resource-limited setting experience

Background: There are few reports in the literature from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regarding antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is now widely available in SSA, and ADRs during HIV infection are also frequent. In this study, we reported the frequency and risk factors of ART-induced ADRs in a Malian population.Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed in the HIV Care and Counseling Centre (CESAC) of Mali from 2011 to 2012. Adult patients infected with HIV and who had recently started ART were included and followed-up clinically Were included in this study, adult patients living with HIV and had recently started ART who were followed up for at least 6 months to determine the incidence of ADRs using Naranjo’s classification scale.Results: During this study, 357 (42.3%) patients presented ADRs (40.1% of our patients (n=338) experienced at least one ADR, and 2.2% (n=19) experienced at least two ADRs). The prevalence of ADRs by organ system was: 45.9% neurological (n=164); 29.4% metabolic (blood chemistry) (n=105); 15.4% hematological (n=55). High probable rate of ADR was observed as indicated by the Naranjo score in 83.7% of the cases. Zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) use was identified as a risk factor for either anaemia or peripheral neuropathy whereas nevirapine (NVP) and female gender were risk factors for skin reactions. Patients with advance disease had the highest rate of ADRs compared to the others.Conclusions: Based on the Naranjo probability scale, our data show that ADRs such as peripheral neuropathy and anemia are very frequent. These ADR was linked to AZT and D4T. Our findings highlight the need for active monitoring, continuous pharmacovigilance of ART and change of some ART drug in this population

Evaluating Short-Term Patient Outcomes after HIV Care Interventions in a Low Resource Setting: Preparing for an HIV Vaccine Trial Site in Bamako, Mali

Poster Presentation From AIDS Vaccine 2012 Boston, MA, USA. 9-12 September 201

A Decade of Partnering to Stop HIV in West Africa: GAIA VF Prevention, Education, Access to Care and Vaccine Trial Site Development in Bamako, Mali

Poster Presentation from AIDS Vaccine 2012 Boston, MA, USA. 9-12 September 201

Comparison of chemical composition of fruit pulp of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth from differents ecoregions

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth commonly called néré in French-speaking Africa is a semi-domesticated indigenous tree with a multi-purpose and highly appreciated use. Its pod-shaped fruits contain a yellowish floury pulp, eaten raw or used to make drinks, couscous and for raw or cooked dough. The objective of this study was to determine the profiles of minerals (Fe, K, Mg, Zn, Ca), beta-carotene, protein, ash, lipid and total sugar content as well as pH and acidity of the pulps from three ecoregions of Burkina Faso. The results showed quantitative difference in the composition of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth pulp from the different ecoregions. Pulp from tree of South Sahelian zone contained the highest concentration of beta-carotene and carbohydrates 530.52±68.11 μg/100g; 64.96±8.9% DW, respectively. Whereas, the North Sudanian zone exceeded the others ecoregion in terms of K 3 301.25±872.85 mg/100 g DW; Mg 257.63±90.15 mg/100 g DW; Zn 1.28±0.37 mg/100 g DW; Ca (519.41±591.13 mg/100g DW) and protein 3.76±0.39 g/100 g DW. The South Sudanian zone displays the highest content in Fe (1.92±1.37 mg/100 g DW). As for the equivalent citric acid quantified in this study, the North Sudanian zone had the highest concentrations (0.96 ± 0.18 g/100 g DW) in the pulp. The observed variation has implications regarding the use of these data in food and nutrition programs, and in selecting sources of planting material for reforestation initiatives and agroforestry systems