Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective To analyze the prognostic value of programmed death factor ligand 1 (PD-L1) in colorectal cancer. Methods Electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane library, were searched to identify studies evaluating the PD-L1 expression and overall survival (OS) in these patients. Afterwards, the relevant data were extracted to perform the meta-analysis. Results A total of 3481 patients were included in 10 studies. The combined hazard ratio (HR) was 1.22 (95%CI = 1.01–1.48, P = 0.04), indicating that high expression of PD-L1 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Apropos of clinicopathological features, the merged odds ratio (OR) exhibited that highly expressed PD-L1 was firmly related to lymphatic invasion (OR = 3.49, 95%CI = 1.54–7.90, P = 0.003) and advanced stage (OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 1.41–2.23, P < 0.00001), but not correlative with patients’ gender, microsatellite instability, or tumor location. Conclusion The expression of PD-L1 can be utilized as an independent factor in judging the prognosis of colorectal cancer, and patients with advanced cancer or lymphatic invasion are more likely to express PD-L1. This conclusion may lay a theoretical foundation for the application of PD-1/PD-L1 immunoassay point inhibitors but still needs verifying by sizeable well-designed cohort studies

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to virus infection and followed by lupus nephritis recurrence in a renal transplantation pediatric recipient: a case report

Abstract Background Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening disorder characterized by systemic inflammation and organ failure as a result of dysregulated immune cell activation. HLH can be induced by a variety of factors including infection, tumours and autoimmune disease and can also occur in patients following solid organ transplantation. Occurrence of HLH and lupus nephritis (LN) successively within a short period of time after renal transplantation is uncommon. Case presentation We described an 11-year-old female post-transplant patient who presented with hemocytopenia, fever, elevated serum ferritin, splenomegaly, hyperlipidemia, and hypofibrinemia, and was clinically diagnosed with HLH. After comprehensive treatment with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and reducing immunosuppressants, her condition improved, but then hematuria ensued. The transplant kidney biopsy showed LN. She was treated with hydroxychloroquine and methylprednisolone while intensive immunosuppressive agents were given. She has remained in remission for two years until now. Conclusions The main inducing factors of HLH should be identified as early as possible, and accurate treatment plans should be taken. The long-course IVIG regimen may be one of the effective treatments for virus-induced HLH. After remission of HLH, we need to be alert to the recurrence of autoimmune diseases in patients with underlying diseases, and timely increase immunosuppressants

Variations of mesoscale eddy SST fronts based on an automatic detection method in the northern South China Sea

SST fronts at the mesoscale eddy edge (ME fronts) were investigated from 2007-2017 in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) based on an automatic method using satellite sea level anomaly (SLA) and SST data. The relative probabilities between the number of anticyclonic/cyclonic ME fronts (AEF/CEF) and the number of anticyclones/cyclones reached 20%. The northeastern and southwestern parts of these anticyclones had more fronts than the northwestern and southeastern parts, although CEFs were nearly equally distributed in all directions. The number of ME fronts had remarkable seasonal variations, while the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) showed no seasonal variations. The total EKE at the ME fronts was three times of that within the MEs, and it was much stronger in AEFs than in CEFs. The interannual variability in the number of ME fronts and EKE had no significant correlation with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. Possible mechanisms of ME fronts were discussed, but the contributions of mesoscale eddies to SST fronts need to be quantified in future studies.</p

Development of double cyclonic mesoscale eddies at around Xisha islands observed by a‘Sea-Whale 2000’ autonomous underwater vehicle

Mesoscale eddies regulate oceanic material transport and atmospheric current. The area around Xisha Islands is an important sink region for mesoscale eddies. We observed two cyclones during September to October 2019, and found that these two cold eddies had split from one local cold eddy. Using a Chinese Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV), called &lsquo;Sea-Whale 2000&rsquo;, for field experiment, we successfully observed the fine structures at the interface of the two cyclones, which showed that two vertical layers of water developed into three layers. The AUV was operated at 300 m and captured the temperature, salinity and velocity oscillation at the bottom of the two cyclonic eddies. A simple barotropic quasi-geostrophic numerical experiment showed that the slope gradient effect played a major role in eddy splitting. Through energy conservation analysis, we confirmed that the barotropic instability was a major contributor to the development of the cold eddies.</p

The CMS Statistical Analysis and Combination Tool: COMBINE

International audienceThis paper describes the COMBINE software package used for statistical analyses by the CMS Collaboration. The package, originally designed to perform searches for a Higgs boson and the combined analysis of those searches, has evolved to become the statistical analysis tool presently used in the majority of measurements and searches performed by the CMS Collaboration. It is not specific to the CMS experiment, and this paper is intended to serve as a reference for users outside of the CMS Collaboration, providing an outline of the most salient features and capabilities. Readers are provided with the possibility to run COMBINE and reproduce examples provided in this paper using a publicly available container image. Since the package is constantly evolving to meet the demands of ever-increasing data sets and analysis sophistication, this paper cannot cover all details of COMBINE. However, the online documentation referenced within this paper provides an up-to-date and complete user guide