Cancer incidence and mortality trends in France over 1990-2018 for solid tumors: the sex gap is narrowing

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in cancer incidence and mortality (France, 1990-2018), with a focus on men-women disparities. METHODS: Incidence data stemmed from cancer registries (FRANCIM) and mortality data from national statistics (CépiDc). Incidence and mortality rates were modelled using bidimensional penalized splines of age and year (at diagnosis and at death, respectively). Trends in age-standardized rates were summarized by the average annual percent changes (AAPC) for all-cancers combined, 19 solid tumors, and 8 subsites. Sex gaps were indicated using male-to-female rate ratios (relative difference) and male-to-female rate differences (absolute difference) in 1990 and 2018, for incidence and mortality, respectively. RESULTS: For all-cancers, the sex gap narrowed over 1990-2018 in incidence (1.6 to 1.2) and mortality (2.3 to 1.7). The largest decreases of the male-to-female incidence rate ratio were for cancers of the lung (9.5 to 2.2), lip - oral cavity - pharynx (10.9 to 3.1), esophagus (12.6 to 4.5) and larynx (17.1 to 7.1). Mixed trends emerged in lung and oesophageal cancers, probably explained by differing risk factors for the two main histological subtypes. Sex incidence gaps narrowed due to increasing trends in men and women for skin melanoma (0.7 to 1, due to initially higher rates in women), cancers of the liver (7.4 to 4.4) and pancreas (2.0 to 1.4). Sex incidence gaps narrowed for colon-rectum (1.7 to 1.4), urinary bladder (6.9 to 6.1) and stomach (2.7 to 2.4) driven by decreasing trends among men. Other cancers showed similar increasing incidence trends in both sexes leading to stable sex gaps: thyroid gland (0.3 to 0.3), kidney (2.2 to 2.4) and central nervous system (1.4 to 1.5). CONCLUSION: In France in 2018, while men still had higher risks of developing or dying from most cancers, the sex gap was narrowing. Efforts should focus on avoiding risk factors (e.g., smoking) and developing etiological studies to understand currently unexplained increasing trends

Toxicity Associated with Stavudine Dose Reduction from 40 to 30 mg in First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy

To compare the incidence and timing of toxicity associated with the use of a reduced dose of stavudine from 40 to 30 mg in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment and to investigate associated risk factors

Morphometric analysis of the distal femur in total knee arthroplasty and native knees

International audienc

Mediolateral oversizing influences pain, function, and flexion after TKA

PURPOSE: Manufacturers of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have introduced narrower femurs to improve bone-implant fit. However, few studies have reported the clinical consequences of mediolateral oversizing. Our hypothesis was that component oversizing negatively influences the results after TKA. METHODS: One hundred and twelve prospectively followed patients with 114 consecutive TKA (64 females and 50 males) were retrospectively assessed. The mean age of the patients was 72 years (range, 56 to 85 years). The dimensions of the femur and tibia were measured on a preoperative CT-scan and were compared with those of the implanted TKA. The influence of size variation on the clinical outcomes 1 year after surgery was assessed. RESULTS: Mediolateral overhang was observed in at least one area in 66 % of the femurs (84 % in females and 54 % in males) and 61 % of the tibia (81 % in females and 40 % in males). Twenty-two patients presented no overhang in any area and 16 had overhang in all studied zones. The increase in the Pain and KOOS scores were 43 ± 21 and 36 ± 18 in the patients without overhang and 31 ± 19 and 25 ± 13 in patients with overhang (p = 0.033; p = 0.032). Knee flexion was 127° ± 7 and 121° ± 11, respectively. Regression and latent class analysis showed a significant negative correlation between overall oversizing and overall outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that oversizing may lead to worse clinical results in TKA. The clinical consequences are that surgeons should pay attention not to oversize implants during implantation nd that oversizing should be ruled out in case of so called unexplained pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2443-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Improving survival in end-stage renal disease: A case study

International audienceBackground: With the increase of life expectancy, *On behalf of the REIN registry. end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is affecting a growing number of people. Simultaneously, renal replacement therapies (RRTs) have considerably improved patient survival. We investigated the way current RRT practices would affect patients' survival. Methods: We used a multi-state model to represent the transitions between RRTs and the transition to death. The concept of “crude probability of death” combined with this model allowed estimating the proportions of ESRD-related and ESRD-unrelated deaths. Estimating the ESRD-related death rate requires comparing the mortality rate between ESRD patients and the general population. Predicting patients' courses through RRTs and Death states could be obtained by solving a system of Kolmogorov differential equations. The impact of practice on patient survival was quantified using the restricted mean survival time (RMST) which was compared with that of healthy subjects with same characteristics. Results: The crude probability of ESRD-unrelated death was nearly zero in the youngest patients (18–45 years) but was a sizeable part of deaths in the oldest (≥70 years). Moreover, in the oldest patients, the proportion of expected death was higher in patient without vs. with diabetes because the former live older. In men aged 75 years at first RRT, the predicted RMSTs in patients with and without diabetes were, respectively, 61% and 69% those of comparable healthy men. Conclusion: Using the concept of “crude probability of death” with multi-state models is feasible and useful to assess the relative benefits of various treatments in ESRD and help patient long-term management

Oversizing the tibial component in TKAs: incidence, consequences and risk factors

International audienc

Morphometric analysis of the distal femur in total knee arthroplasty and native knees

Aims : Analysis of the morphology of the distal femur, and by extension of the femoral components in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), has largely been related to the aspect ratio, which represents the width of the femur. Little is known about variations in trapezoidicity (i.e. whether the femur is more rectangular or more trapezoidal). This study aimed to quantify additional morphological characteristics of the distal femur and identify anatomical features associated with higher risks of over-or under-sizing of components in TKA. Methods : We analysed the shape of 114 arthritic knees at the time of primary TKA using the pre-operative CT scans. The aspect ratio and trapezoidicity ratio were quantified, and the postoperative prosthetic overhang was calculated. We compared the morphological characteristics with those of 12 TKA models. Results : There was significant variation in both the aspect ratio and trapezoidicity ratio between individuals. Femoral trapezoidicity was mostly due to an inward curve of the medial cortex. Overhang was correlated with the aspect ratio (with a greater chance of overhang in narrow femurs), trapezoidicity ratio (with a greater chance in trapezoidal femurs), and the tibio-femoral angle (with a greater chance in valgus knees). Discussion : This study shows that rectangular/trapezoidal variability of the distal femur cannot be ignored. Most of the femoral components which were tested appeared to be excessively rectangular when compared with the bony contours of the distal femur. These findings suggest that the design of TKA should be more concerned with matching the trapezoidal/rectangular shape of the native femur. Take home message: The distal femur is considerably more trapezoidal than most femoral components, and therefore, care must be taken to avoid anterior prosthetic overhang in TK

Pelvic-floor muscle rehabilitation in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation

International audienceBackground. In men, involuntary or voluntary ischiocavemosus muscle contractions after erection lead to intracavernous blood pressures far higher than the systolic pressure, which builds and maintains penile rigidity. Thus, erectile dysfunction may be partly due to ischiocavernosus muscle atrophy and may be treated by rehabilitation interventions.Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pelvic-floor muscle strengthening interventions could be associated with increases in intracavemous pressure that would increase penile rigidity.Design. An observational study was conducted.Methods. One hundred twenty-two men with isolated erectile dysfunction and 108 men with isolated premature ejaculation participated (no neuromuscular diseases or previous perineal rehabilitation). Thirty-minute sessions of voluntary contractions coupled with electrical stimulation were designed to increase ischiocavernosus muscle strength (monitored through intracavemous pressure increase). A linear mixed-effects model per group analyzed separately, then jointly, the maximum change in pressure (Delta P) and the maximum baseline (ie, respectively, the average contraction-generated difference in intracavemous pressure and the intracavemous pressure plateau at full erection, both measured during the highest moving average of the best 2 minutes of each session).Results. Over 20 sessions, the maximum Delta P increased in erectile dysfunction as well as in premature ejaculation (87% and 88%, respectively, in men with positive trends). The maximum baseline also increased (99% and 72%, respectively, in men with positive trends). The joint modeling indicated that the mean expected progressions of the intracavemous pressure after 5 sessions in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation were 62.85 and 64.15 cm H2O, respectively.Limitations. Indirect measurements were obtained of intracavernous pressure and ischiocavemosus muscle force.Conclusions. Pelvic-floor muscle rehabilitation was found to be beneficial in erectile dysfunction. However, its effects on symptoms of premature ejaculation, despite intracavemous pressure gains, were much more difficult to assess. The definitive proof of its benefits requires rather difficult-to-design clinical trials