273 research outputs found
Commercial AI, Conflict, and Moral Responsibility: A theoretical analysis and practical approach to the moral responsibilities associated with dual-use AI technology
This paper presents a theoretical analysis and practical approach to the
moral responsibilities when developing AI systems for non-military applications
that may nonetheless be used for conflict applications. We argue that AI
represents a form of crossover technology that is different from previous
historical examples of dual- or multi-use technology as it has a multiplicative
effect across other technologies. As a result, existing analyses of ethical
responsibilities around dual-use technologies do not necessarily work for AI
systems. We instead argue that stakeholders involved in the AI system lifecycle
are morally responsible for uses of their systems that are reasonably
foreseeable. The core idea is that an agent's moral responsibility for some
action is not necessarily determined by their intentions alone; we must also
consider what the agent could reasonably have foreseen to be potential outcomes
of their action, such as the potential use of a system in conflict even when it
is not designed for that. In particular, we contend that it is reasonably
foreseeable that: (1) civilian AI systems will be applied to active conflict,
including conflict support activities, (2) the use of civilian AI systems in
conflict will impact applications of the law of armed conflict, and (3)
crossover AI technology will be applied to conflicts that fall short of armed
conflict. Given these reasonably foreseeably outcomes, we present three
technically feasible actions that developers of civilian AIs can take to
potentially mitigate their moral responsibility: (a) establishing systematic
approaches to multi-perspective capability testing, (b) integrating digital
watermarking in model weight matrices, and (c) utilizing monitoring and
reporting mechanisms for conflict-related AI applications.Comment: 9 page
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Effects of Causal Determinism on Causal Learning Trajectories
Research on causal learning suggests that people are capable of learning nondeterministic causal relations, but might expectcausal relations to be deterministic in certain contexts. In two experiments, we demonstrated that peoples expectations ofcausal determinism are context-sensitive and can influence causal judgments in a sequential learning task. When the datawere deterministic (100% success) and participants expected the cause to be deterministic, their causal judgments wereat ceiling. When participants expectations were nondeterministic, causal ratings increased with accumulating positiveevidence. When the data were probabilistic (75% success), participants exhibited a high violation-of-expectation effectupon seeing the first failed event when they expected the causal relation to be deterministic, and much less so whentheir expectation was nondeterministic. We built a simple Bayesian model to explain participants violation-of-expectationeffect as a selection between two distinct hypotheses: that the causal relation in question is deterministic, and that it isnondeterministic
Causal Pluralism in Philosophy: Empirical Challenges and Alternative Proposals
An increasing number of arguments for causal pluralism invoke empirical psychological data. Different aspects of causal cognition-specifically, causal perception and causal inference-are thought to involve distinct cognitive processes and representations, and they thereby distinctively support transference and dependency theories of causation, respectively. We argue that this dualistic picture of causal concepts arises from methodological differences, rather than from an actual plurality of concepts. Hence, philosophical causal pluralism is not particularly supported by the empirical data. Serious engagement with cognitive science reveals that the connection between psychological concepts of causation and philosophical notions is substantially more complicated than is traditionally presumed
Causal Pluralism in Philosophy: Empirical Challenges and Alternative Proposals
An increasing number of arguments for causal pluralism invoke empirical psychological data. Different aspects of causal cognition-specifically, causal perception and causal inference-are thought to involve distinct cognitive processes and representations, and they thereby distinctively support transference and dependency theories of causation, respectively. We argue that this dualistic picture of causal concepts arises from methodological differences, rather than from an actual plurality of concepts. Hence, philosophical causal pluralism is not particularly supported by the empirical data. Serious engagement with cognitive science reveals that the connection between psychological concepts of causation and philosophical notions is substantially more complicated than is traditionally presumed
Dynamic Certification for Autonomous Systems
Autonomous systems are often deployed in complex sociotechnical environments,
such as public roads, where they must behave safely and securely. Unlike many
traditionally engineered systems, autonomous systems are expected to behave
predictably in varying "open world" environmental contexts that cannot be fully
specified formally. As a result, assurance about autonomous systems requires us
to develop new certification methods and mathematical tools that can bound the
uncertainty engendered by these diverse deployment scenarios, rather than
relying on static tools
Crack Detection in an Aluminium Oxide Grinding Wheel by Impact Hammer Tests
Grinding is widely used as the last step of the manufacturing process when a good surface finish and precise dimensional tolerances are required. However, if the grinding wheels have cracks, they may lead to a hazardous working environment and produce poor tolerance in machined products. Therefore, grinding wheels should be inspected for cracks before being mounted onto the machine. In this study, a novel method of finding possible internal cracks in the aluminium oxide grinding wheel will be explored by examining the natural frequency and displacement of wheels using an impact hammer testing method. Grinding wheels were cracked into two segments using a three-point bend fixture and then bonded intentionally to simulate cracks. The impact hammer test indicated that cracks in the grinding wheels caused a drop in natural vibration frequency and an increase in the maximum displacement of the accelerometer sensors
FUSE Measurements of Interstellar Fluorine
The source of fluorine is not well understood, although core-collapse
supernovae, Wolf-Rayet stars, and asymptotic giant branch stars have been
suggested. A search for evidence of the nu process during Type II supernovae is
presented. Absorption from interstellar F I is seen in spectra of HD 208440 and
HD 209339A acquired with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. In order
to extract the column density for F I from the line at 954 A, absorption from
H2 has to be modeled and then removed. Our analysis indicates that for H2
column densities less than about 3 x 10^20 cm^-2, the amount of F I can be
determined from lambda 954. For these two sight lines, there is no clear
indication for enhanced F abundances resulting from the nu process in a region
shaped by past supernovae.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
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