Transition region ignition characteristics of n-heptane fuel sprays

Ignition studies were perferred on monodisperse n-heptane sprays at atmospheric pressure over a range of equivalence ratios and droplet diameters. A capacitive discharge spark ignition system was used as the ignition source, providing independent control of spark energy and duration. Preliminary measurements were made to optimize spark duration and spark gap, optimum conditions being those at which the maximum frequency or probability of ignition was observed. The effect of spark duration on ignition frequency for several spark energies was determined for equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1.0 and initial droplet diameters of 28 and 68 microns. Spark duration had little effect on ignition frequency over the entire 15 to 170 mu s range examined. Spark durations of 70 to 80 mu s were used for all subsequent work. The spark gap was optimized at equivalence ratios of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 and initial droplet diameters of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 microns by varying the electrode spacing from 0.5 to 5.0 mm while maintaining a constant spark energy. The optimum gap was determined to be 3.0 mm for nearly all conditions

Spark Ignition of Monodisperse Fuel Sprays

A study of spark ignition energy requirements was conducted with a monodisperse spray system allowing independent control of droplet size, equivalent ratio, and fuel type. Minimum ignition energies were measured for n-heptane and methanol sprays characterized at the spark gap in terms of droplet diameter, equivalence ratio (number density) and extent of prevaporization. In addition to sprays, minimum ignition energies were measured for completely prevaporized mixtures of the same fuels over a range of equivalence ratios to provide data at the lower limit of droplet size. Results showed that spray ignition was enhanced with decreasing droplet size and increasing equivalence ratio over the ranges of the parameters studied. By comparing spray and prevaporized ignition results, the existence of an optimum droplet size for ignition was indicated for both fuels. Fuel volatility was seen to be a critical factor in spray ignition. The spray ignition results were analyzed using two different empirical ignition models for quiescent mixtures. Both models accurately predicted the experimental ignition energies for the majority of the spray conditions. Spray ignition was observed to be probabilistic in nature, and ignition was quantified in terms of an ignition frequency for a given spark energy. A model was developed to predict ignition frequencies based on the variation in spark energy and equivalence ratio in the spark gap. The resulting ignition frequency simulations were nearly identical to the experimentally observed values

Pengaruh Sanksi Administrasi dan Surat Paksa terhadap Optimalisasi Pencairan Tunggakan Pajak (Studi pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Singosari)

The trust given by the government to taxpayers in self-assessment system should be able to run well according to the plan. Taxpayers are capable for performing their tax duty well and properly without negligence, deliberateness, and ignorance concerning this duty. In order to minimize these actions, there should be law enforcement in the obedience of the taxpayers. This study is aimed to (1) Know whether the administration charge and distress warrant has significant effects on the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears. (2) Analyze and explain whether the administration charge has partially significant effects on the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears, and (3) Analyze and explain whether the distress warrant has partially significant effects on the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears.The kind of study used in this research is quantitative study, which is used to test hypothesis about the effects of the administration charge and distress warrant on the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears. The population in this study is Taxpayers who receive administration charge and distress warrant and have tax arrears in Small Tax Office Singosari.The result of this study exclaimed that administration charge and distress warrant Variables have simultaneously significant effects on the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears. Partially, administration charge and distress warrant Variables havesignificant effects on the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears. It is suggested for the next researchers to employ other variables that affect the optimization of Disbursement of Tax Arrears, which are taxpayers, awareness, criminal sanctions, and so on to improve the study

Business Strategy Types and Innovative Practices

This study empirically examines how a firm\u27s strategic orientation imparts its management of innovative activities. Drawing on the strategic management and innovation literatures, we develop and empirically test hypotheses arguing that a firm\u27s strategic orientation will impact its perception of barriers to innovation, its sources of ideas for innovation, and its targets for innovation. The data, from over 244 firms, generally support the hypotheses. The study\u27s findings suggest that a firm\u27s strategic management and its management of innovation are highly integrated

Loneliness of Working and Unworking Male and Female Elder

The aim of this study is to now the loneliness of the male and female elder who work and doesn't work and also factors influencing the loneliness. The participants of this study is above 60 years old. The result shows that loneliness comes when the participants are left by his/her spouse, the grandchildren or when the spouse is already dead. The loneliness comes at the Sunday when the other family member is leaving the house. The result also shows that loneliness has relation to job or things that the participants do

Menstrual disturbances in perimenopausal women: What's best?

It's best to start with nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which effectively reduce heavy menstrual bleeding (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, systematic review of randomized clinical trials [RCTs]). Perimenopausal women with heavy bleeding not controlled by NSAIDs, or other forms of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, can benefit from continuous, combined hormonal therapy with estrogen and progestin; hormonal therapy with estrogen and a cyclical progestin; or a cyclical progestin alone (SOR: B, RCTs and a systematic review of RCTs). Intrauterine devices (IUDs) containing levonorgestrel also effectively reduce bleeding and may avoid surgical intervention (SOR: B, systematic review of RCTs)

Are You an Innovator or Adaptor? The Impact of Cognitive Propensity on Venture Expectations and Outcomes

In this study we confirm the often assumed but largely untested belief that entrepreneurs think and behave differently than others. We examine a group of more than 700 nascent entrepreneurs and 400 nonentrepreneurs. We determine the entrepreneurs’ cognitive style propensity for problem solving (Innovator versus Adaptor); we compare their expectations; and, we examine the outcomes (performance and start-up) of their ventures. We find that nascent entrepreneurs are more likely to be overly optimistic Innovators, most people are Adaptors, and one’s cognitive style can indeed play a role in the initial development and outcome for the venture, but not always as expected

Increasing Business Survival Rate with Data Integration Business Strategy and Technology Commercialization

Increasing Business Survival Rate with Data Integration Business Strategy and Technology Commercialization   Abstract Technology commercialization is a series of processes from the development and marketing of a technology that is designed to reach a point that can be applied to a production or consumption activity so that it can generate profits. The success or failure of the commercialization of technology-based businesses is influenced by several factors, including the capacity of startups as technology-based entrepreneurs, mentors who accompany, incubation centers that carry out the incubation process, and value of the Technology Readiness Level (TKT) of commercialized technology products. This study aims to explain the increase in startups business survival rates with data integration of business strategies and technology commercialization. This research was conducted with the stages of exploring the problems and conducting a SWOT analysis of East Java startups, analyzing survival rate, making information system prototypes, and analyzing data integration and business strategies. The results showed that Usability Testing received an assessment of 87% consisting of 86% Easy of Use aspect, 88% Easy of Learning aspect, 86% Satisfaction aspect, and 89% on the Usefulness aspect. So information system designed is included very worthy category. The largest percentage of business problems by the HRM (24%) and Operations (24%) therefore need to get attention for solutions.   Keywords: survival rate, startup, macroeconomics, Technology Readiness Level, prototyp