Does The One-Party Consent Exception Effectuate the Underlying Goals of Title III?

Title III is an attempt to balance two purposes - protection of private citizens and control of organized crime. 9 Because of these diametric purposes, discussion of all aspects of Title III is beyond the scope of this comment. The first section of this comment will discuss the Supreme Court\u27s past and present position on the use of electronic surveillance. The remainder of the comment will trace the development of the one-party consent exception as codified in Title III, analyzing its continued validity and applicability to private unauthorized electronic surveillance

Integrating Forest Carbon Sequestration into a Cap-and-Trade Program to Reduce Net Carbon Emissions

Problem: Most research on planning to mitigate climate change has focused on reducing CO2 emissions from coal-fıred power plants or the transportation sector. The contribution of forests to lowering net CO2 emissions has largely been overlooked. U.S. forests already offset about one eighth of the nation\u27s annual CO2 emissions and have the potential to offset more, all at a relatively low cost. It will not be easy to integrate forest carbon sequestration into a cap-and-trade program to reduce net CO2 emissions, however. Purpose: I explore what forest land use planning, forestry management practices, and land preservation strategies would be required to integrate forest carbon sequestration into a cap-and- trade program, and explain the role planning and planners can play in promoting forest carbon sequestration. Methods: The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is a 10-state cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fıred power plants in the northeastern United States. It provides a case study of how forest carbon sequestration can be included in a cap-and-trade program. Meanwhile, California has devised certifiable carbon credits from forestland. I analyze both approaches and generalize from them. Results and conclusions: To promote forest carbon sequestration through a cap-and-trade program will require ensuring the permanence of CO2 reductions, minimizing leakage from forestland conversion, and obtaining prices for carbon offsets that are high enough to induce forestland owners to participate in the program and offer them for sale. The capital needed to purchase and monitor permanent forest conservation easements as well as to provide a stream of annual income for timberland owners may require a national system of carbon credits. Ideally, the easements would be set up in advance through investments by government or non-profıts, so that landowners will be ready to sell credits when they are demanded. Takeaway for practice: A cap-and-trade system could be a cost-effective way to lower net CO2 emissions if it included certifiable, trade-able credits from forestland preservation and management, and if the price of carbon credits were high enough to induce forest landowners to offer credits. To promote forest carbon sequestration, planners in rural areas should work with the local, state, and federal governments and non-profıt land trusts to zone forestland at low densities, to preserve forest land through acquiring conservation easements, and to fashion forest management plans that ensure long cycles of timber harvesting. Planners in metropolitan areas should promote tree planting and tree retention ordinances to protect, expand, and manage urban forests to absorb greenhouse gases

Farmland Preservation Policies in the United States: Successes and Shortcomings

America\u27s experience with farmland preservation is a combination of modest success and inconsistent farm policies. The successes--in terms of farmland acres preserved--have been concentrated in a relatively small number of counties, mainly in the Northeast and in California (see Sokolow and Zurbrugg, 2003). But nationwide there is a split between the farm income-oriented policies of the US federal government and the land use and growth management policies of state and local governments. Even though the federal government has recently implemented a farmland preservation grant program, land use planning in America is largely controlled by local governments. Getting the local governments-—townships in the Northeast and Midwest, and counties in the rest of the nation--to coordinate their land use planning and farmland preservation efforts has often been a frustrating experience. Targeting federal funds to important agricultural regions has not been fully realized

Review of Emery N. Castle (editor) \u3cem\u3eThe Changing American Countryside: Rural People and Places\u3c/em\u3e and Meredith Ramsay, \u3cem\u3eCommunity Culture and Economic Development: The Social Roots of Local Action\u3c/em\u3e

Rural America often seems like an afterthought in our urban-suburban community. Yet rural places make up 97 per cent of the nation\u27s land and are home to one quarter of the population. Since World War II, rural America has undergone profound changes: the relative decline of agriculture, forestry and mining in favor of manufacturing and service industries, the rise of retirement and recreation communities, the construction of elaborate transportation and communication networks, and the invasion of the countryside by expanding suburbia

Farm Follows Function: In Lancaster County Pennsylvania, Saving Farms Means Keeping a Lid on Growth

When I arrived in Lancaster County, in May of 1989, every acre of land seemed to be for sale. The county\u27s farmland preservation program that I was to head had saved only 5,600 acres, less than one percent of the entire county

Land Preservation in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania: Strategy, Funding, and Cooperation are Key

Land use planning in America has traditionally meant planning for development. Over the past 25 years, hundreds of communities and several states have recognized the need to preserve land for farming, forestry, watershed protection, wildlife habitat, recreation areas, or open space. A common problem is that public planners have not clearly delineated certain lands for preservation. Meanwhile, non-profit organizations have not fully perceived themselves as land use planning agencies (Wright and Czerniak 2000); and have often pursued a piecemeal and reactive preservation strategy in response to weak local zoning and the swift pace of development (McQueen and McMahon 2003). Thus, in most places in America, including New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, privately owned open land seems to be at once for sale for development and available for preservation. The competition to preserve or develop land causes considerable friction between developers and land preservationists. Meanwhile, governments have a schizophrenic relationship to land: they want to see it developed so the tax base will increase and the economy will grow, yet they are also active in preserving land

Deflection of rigid frames stressed beyond the yield point

The investigation presents a method of analysis of a rigid frame built of mild steel, when the horizontal beam member is stressed beyond the yield point of the material. The frame is a \u27U\u27 type made up of rectangular members with welded joints. Prediction equations have been developed for deflections, frame spread, angle changes of the joints, moments, and sheers. Deflections, frame spread, angle changes, and moments have been measured and compared with predicted values;A restrained beam of mild steel, rectangular in cross section, was tested with a concentrated load at the center and equal moments on the ends, and the deflections measured. Prediction equations of deflection have been developed and compared with measured values of deflection;Testing method and procedure have been developed for a rigid frame and a restrained beam, involving ductile behavior, for use in the laboratory

The sexual abuse crisis in the Roman Catholic Church: What psychologists and counselors should know

Recent events regarding child sexual abuse committed by Roman Catholic priests in the Archdiocese of Boston and elsewhere have yet again resulted in a tremendous amount of media attention and frenzy regarding this topic. During 2002 alone, approximately 300 American Catholic priests, including several bishops, were accused of child sexual abuse. Many were forced to resign their positions while others were prosecuted and went to prison. Curiously, there still exist many myths and misperceptions about priests who sexually abuse children and their victims. Since psychologists and other mental health professionals are likely to interact with many who have been impacted by these recent events, it is important for them to have some basic understanding of the various myths and misperceptions about sexual abuse committed by Roman Catholic priests

Population and Social Biology of Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis familiaris

Population size and density, age structure, survivorship patterns, sex ratios, social organization of urban, rural, and feral dog (Canis familiaris) populations were examined in Cd. Juarez, Mexico (urban site) and on the Navajo reservation (rural and wild sites) between June 1983 and December 1984. Urban and rural dogs were less social than expected whereas dogs characteristically lived in packs. Seasonal variation in the structure of feral dog packs influenced by reproduction, both directly (pups born into the pack) and indirectly (pregnant females may temporarily emigrate form the pack to give birth)