Species richness and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Syngonanthus elegans, an endemic and threatened species from the Cerrado domain in Brazil

Syngonanthus elegans is an endangered plant species occurring in the Brazilian Cerrado whose interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of AMF species and mycorrhizal colonization of S. elegans in two sampling areas named “Soberbo” stream (Soberbo) and “Parque Nacional das Sempre-Vivas” (Park), both found in Diamantina-MG, Brazil. In each area, one plot (100 x 100 m) was established, and roots and soil samples near the roots were collected from 10 plants in each plot. Further sampling included three specimens each of Loudetiopsis chrysothrix and Xyris sp.. Typical mycorrhizal colonization structures were observed in S. elegans roots, and colonization was measured at 75%. Considering both sites and all three hosts, 26 AMF species were recovered, 8 of which were identified only at the genus level. Glomus sp. 1, Scutellospora pernambucana, Acaulospora cavernata and Acaulospora mellea were classified as dominant in both areas. Other species were also considered dominant, including Glomus sp. 4 in Soberbo and Dentiscutata biornata and Gigaspora albida in Park. Trap cultures revealed the presence of seven additional species. For S. elegans, AMF species richness was slightly higher in Park than in Soberbo. Simpson diversity and evenness were slightly higher in Soberbo for S. elegans-associated AMF communities. Overall, S. elegans is highly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and is associated with a wide range of AMF species in the field, suggesting that this association is important for the establishment and survival of this threatened species. Some of the observed species may be new to science.yngonanthus elegans é uma espécie vegetal em vias de extinção que ocorrem no Cerrado brasileiro, cuja interação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) é deficientemente compreendida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de espécies de FMA e colonização micorrízica de S. elegans. Em duas áreas de amostragem denominadas Córrego do Soberbo (Soberbo) e Parque Nacional das Sempre-Vivas (Parque), ambas localizadas em Diamantina-MG, Brasil, uma parcela de 100 x 100 m foi estabelecida e solo da rizosfera e raízes foram coletados de 10 plantas em cada parcela. Além disso, amostragem incluiu três espécimes de cada Loudetiopsis chrysothrix e Xyris sp.. Estruturas típicas de colonização micorrízica foram observadas nas raízes de S. elegans e a colonização medida foi de 75%. Considerando as duas áreas e os três hospedeiros, 26 espécies de FMA foram recuperados, 8 delas identificadas apenas até gênero. Glomus sp. 1, Scutellospora pernambucana, Acaulospora cavernata e Acaulospora mellea foram classificados como dominantes em ambas as áreas. Além dessas, também foram consideradas dominantes Glomus sp. 4 em Soberbo, e Dentiscutata biornata e Gigaspora albida no Parque. Culturas armadilhas revelaram a presença de sete espécies adicionais. Para S. elegans, a riqueza de espécies de FMA foi ligeiramente superior no Parque do que no Soberbo. Diversidade de Simpson e equitabilidade foram ligeiramente maiores no Soberbo para as comunidades de FMA associados com S. elegans. S. elegans é altamente colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e associada a uma grande variedade de espécies de FMA em condições de campo, sugerindo que essa associação é importante para o estabelecimento e sobrevivência desta espécie ameaçada. Algumas espécies observadas podem ser novas para a ciência.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Propriedades microbianas e do solo em ?reas em restaura??o no vale do jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais

O setor florestal no Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG) tem adotado a cria??o de faixas com vegeta??o nativa entre os seus plantios comerciais, com o objetivo de reduzir os impactos negativos do monocultivo. O m?todo utilizado para cria??o dessas faixas tem sido a restaura??o espont?nea da vegeta??o nativa em ?reas anteriormente cultivadas com eucalipto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de coberturas vegetais sobre propriedades microbianas do solo, para melhor caracterizar o processo de restaura??o da vegeta??o nativa em solos florestais do Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG. Os tratamentos foram: restaura??o inicial (; 4 anos) com ou sem remanescentes de eucalipto; e os controles: plantio comercial de eucalipto, vegeta??o nativa de Cerrado e de mata. As amostras de solo foram coletadas por tr?s anos consecutivos, nos meses de agosto e fevereiro, representando, respectivamente, o per?odo de estiagem e o de chuvas. As ?reas em restaura??o, independentemente da presen?a de eucalipto remanescentes, n?o diferiram quanto a atividade microbiana, exceto para quociente metab?lico (qCO2) em fevereiro de 2007 - per?odo chuvoso. Nessa ?poca, a atividade microbiana foi maior na restaura??o avan?ada sem eucalipto do que na restaura??o inicial sem eucalipto e restaura??o avan?ada com eucalipto. As ?reas em restaura??o, em geral, tamb?m n?o diferiram dos controles: plantio de eucalipto e Cerrado. Em rela??o ao controle mata, as ?reas em restaura??o apresentaram, em geral, menores teores de C org?nico, C microbiano, respira??o basal (Rbasal) e hidr?lise do diacetato de fluoresce?na (FDA), n?o diferindo quanto ao qCO2 e quociente microbiano (qMIC). Em geral, as restaura??es iniciais e avan?adas apresentaram qualidade do solo semelhante. A maioria das propriedades do solo e microbianas, nos tr?s anos avaliados, indicou que as ?reas em restaura??o mostraram maior semelhan?a com a ?rea de Cerrado. Nas ?reas em restaura??o avan?ada sem eucalipto, a menor Rbasal no ano 3 e a menor FDA e qMIC e maior qCO2 no ano 2, em rela??o ao Cerrado, indicaram que a remo??o do eucalipto remanescente n?o promoveu a restaura??o.Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)To mitigate the impacts of eucalypt monoculture, forestry companies in the Upper Jequitinhonha Valley (MG) have adopted the insertion of strips of native vegetation in-between the commercial plantations. The method used for the creation of these corridors is to allow spontaneous regrowth of native vegetation in areas previously under eucalypt. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover crops on microbial and soil properties for a detailed description of the restoration process of native vegetation in forest soils of the Jequitinhonha Valley. The treatments were represented by an initial restoration stage ( 4 years) with or without remaining eucalypt, plus the three controls: commercial eucalypt plantation, Cerrado vegetation and native forest. Soil samples were collected for three consecutive years in the dry and rainy season (August and February, respectively). The microbial activity, regardless of the presence of remaining eucalypt , did not differ among the restoration areas, except for the metabolic quotient (qCO2) in the rainy season of February 2007. At this time, this microbial activity was higher in the advanced restoration stage without eucalypt than initial restoration without eucalypt and advanced restoration with eucalypt. The restoration areas, in general, did not differ from the control: eucalypt plantation and Cerrado either. Compared to the forest, the levels of organic C, microbial C, basal respiration (Rbasal) and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in the restoration areas were, in general, lower and did not differ in qCO2 and microbial quotient (qMIC). In general, the soil quality was similar in the initial and advanced restoration stages. Most of the soil and microbial properties in the three years indicated that the restoration areas were most similar to the Cerrado. In the advanced restoration areas without eucalypt compared to Cerrado, the lower Rbasal in the 3rd year and the lower FDA and qMIC and higher qCO2 in the 2nd year indicated that the removal of the remaining eucalypt trees was unfavorable for restoration

Pisolithus sp. tolerance to glyphosate and isoxaflutole in vitro

The ectomycorrhizal fungi have different tolerance to herbicides and may promote the survival and growth of the eucalypts tree. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of Pisolithus sp. isolates to glyphosate and isoxaflutole. The isolates evaluated were D3, D16, D17, Pt24 and UFVJM04. Glyphosate concentrations were: 0, 32, 63, 127 and 254 mg L-1 in liquid medium; 0, 32, 63, 127, 254, 507 and 1014 mg L-1 in solid medium. For isoxaflutole, the concentrations were 0, 295, 589, 1178 and 2355 mg L-1 for both media. Assays were independent for each herbicide and culture medium. The tolerance of isolates depended on the herbicide and its concentration in each type of culture medium. Pt24 was the most tolerant to glyphosate and the UFVJM04 to isoxaflutole. Glyphosate was more toxic to isolates of Pisolithus than isoxaflutole

ALGINATE GEL ENTRAPPED ECTOMYCORRHIZAL INOCULUM PROMOTED GROWTH OF Eucalyptus CLONES CUTTING UNDER NURSERY CONDITIONS

Plant inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is a maximizing the productive potential of forest stands possibility. Thus, the inoculation efficiency with Ca-alginate gel entrapped EMF vegetative mycelium was evaluated in a commercial nursery of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680 rooted cuttings. The cuttings were inoculated with Pisolithus microcarpus, Hysterangium gardneri and Scleroderma areolatum and cultivated under low phosphate fertilization, and compared with uninoculated control treatments with reduced (Low P control) and full phosphate fertilization (High P control). Pisolithus microcarpus inoculation increased shoot height, root collar diameter, shoot dry mass (SDM), total dry mass (TDM), and frequency of maximum score for root ball formation of the two clones, compared to the Low P control treatment. Also in relation to the Low P control treatment, H. gardneri inoculation increased SDM in GG100 rooted cuttings. Scleroderma areolatum inoculation did not enhance any characteristic of Eucalyptus rooted cuttings. Inoculation of vegetative mycelium with EMF impregnated in Ca-alginate gel intensified rooted cutting growth in a commercial Eucalyptus nursery and decreases the P dose required. Based on comparison of two Eucalyptus clones, the inoculants efficiency in promoting benefits depends on the fungus and the Eucalyptus clone. Pisolithus microcarpus is most promising for inoculation in Eucalyptus cuttings.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

<i>Eucalyptus</i> Field Growth and Colonization of Clones Pre-Inoculated with Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Ectomycorrhizae are classified as biotechnology to increase the sustainability of planted forests, and fieldwork is needed to confirm its effectiveness. The growth of rooted cuttings of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680, which had been previously inoculated in the nursery with ectomycorrhizal fungi, was evaluated after planting them in the field. The ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) inoculated were: Pisolithus microcarpus, Hysterangium gardneri, or Scleroderma areolatum. Uninoculated rooted cuttings were used as controls. The inoculated treatments and the uninoculated controls (low P control) were grown in a nursery with reduced phosphate fertilization. Additionally, uninoculated controls were grown on a substrate with complete phosphate nursery fertilization (high P control). After two months, the plant height of clone GG100 inoculated with P. microcarpus was 16% taller and of clone GG680 13% higher than the low P control treatment. At the same time, the collar diameter of the plants inoculated with H. gardneri and P. microcarpus was the same as in the high P control. At 12 months, the growth of the inoculated and low P control plants was the same as in the high P control. For ectomycorrhizal colonization, after six months, the mean percentage of colonized root tips was highest in plants inoculated with S. areolatum, followed by those inoculated with P. microcarpus and of the low P control. After one year, ECM colonization was equal in all treatments and 4.3 times greater than it was at 6 months. Inoculation with ECM fungi in the nursery boosts early plant growth after transfer to the field, although the effect depends on the specific ectomycorrhizal fungus and the clone. Further ectomycorrhizal colonization of Eucalyptus occurs naturally and increases with tree development in the field

Growth and Nutrition of Eucalypt Rooted Cuttings Promoted by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Commercial Nurseries

ABSTRACT Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) may improve the adaptation of eucalypts saplings to field conditions and allow more efficient fertilizer use. The effectiveness of EMF inoculum application in promoting fungal colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake, and the quality of rooted cuttings was evaluated forEucalyptus urophylla under commercial nursery conditions. For inoculated treatments, fertilization of the sapling substrate was reduced by 50 %. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, wherein the factors were inoculum application rates of 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 gel beads of calcium alginate containing the vegetative mycelium of Amanita muscaria, Elaphomyces antracinus, Pisolithus microcarpus, andScleroderma areolatum, plus a non-inoculated treatment without fertilization reduction in the substrate (commercial). Ectomycorrhizal fungi increased plant growth and fungal colonization as well as N and K uptake evenly. The best plant growth and fungal colonization were observed for the highest application rate. The greatest growth and fungal colonization and contents of P, N, and K were observed at the 10-bead rate. Plant inoculation with Amanita muscaria, Elaphomyces anthracinus, and Scleroderma areolatum increased P concentrations and contents in a differential manner. The Dickson Quality Index was not affected by the type of fungi or by inoculum application rates. Eucalypt rooted cuttings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and under half the amount of commercial fertilization had P, N, and K concentrations and contents greater than or equal to those of commercial plants and have high enough quality to be transplanted after 90 days

Eucalyptus Field Growth and Colonization of Clones Pre-Inoculated with Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Ectomycorrhizae are classified as biotechnology to increase the sustainability of planted forests, and fieldwork is needed to confirm its effectiveness. The growth of rooted cuttings of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680, which had been previously inoculated in the nursery with ectomycorrhizal fungi, was evaluated after planting them in the field. The ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) inoculated were: Pisolithus microcarpus, Hysterangium gardneri, or Scleroderma areolatum. Uninoculated rooted cuttings were used as controls. The inoculated treatments and the uninoculated controls (low P control) were grown in a nursery with reduced phosphate fertilization. Additionally, uninoculated controls were grown on a substrate with complete phosphate nursery fertilization (high P control). After two months, the plant height of clone GG100 inoculated with P. microcarpus was 16% taller and of clone GG680 13% higher than the low P control treatment. At the same time, the collar diameter of the plants inoculated with H. gardneri and P. microcarpus was the same as in the high P control. At 12 months, the growth of the inoculated and low P control plants was the same as in the high P control. For ectomycorrhizal colonization, after six months, the mean percentage of colonized root tips was highest in plants inoculated with S. areolatum, followed by those inoculated with P. microcarpus and of the low P control. After one year, ECM colonization was equal in all treatments and 4.3 times greater than it was at 6 months. Inoculation with ECM fungi in the nursery boosts early plant growth after transfer to the field, although the effect depends on the specific ectomycorrhizal fungus and the clone. Further ectomycorrhizal colonization of Eucalyptus occurs naturally and increases with tree development in the field