The Elbow-EpiTrainer : A method of delivering graded resistance to the extensor carpi radialis brevis. Effectiveness of a prototype device in a healthy population

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of the following article: Navsaria R, Ryder DM, Lewis JS, et al, 'The Elbow-EpiTrainer: a method of delivering graded resistance to the extensor carpi radialis brevi:. Effectiveness of a prototype device in a healthy population', British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 49(5):318-322, March 2015, available online at: http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/5/318. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited.Background: Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylopathy (LE) is experienced as the lateral elbow has a reported prevalence of 1.3%, with symptoms lasting up to 18 months. LE is most commonly attributed to tendinopathy involving the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon. The aim of tendinopathy management is to alleviate symptoms and restore function that initially involves relative rest followed by progressive therapeutic exercise. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of two prototype exercises using commonly available clinical equipment to progressively increase resistance and activity of the ECRB. Method: Eighteen healthy participants undertook two exercise progressions. Surface electromyography was used to record ECRB activity during the two progressions, involving eccentric exercises of the wrist extensors and elbow pronation exercises using a prototype device. The two progressions were assessed for their linearity of progression using repeated ANOVA and linear regression analysis. Five participants repeated the study to assess reliability. Results: The exercise progressions led to an increase in ECRB electromyographic (EMG) activity (p0.7) between the first and second tests for five participants. Conclusions: Manipulation of resistance and leverage with the prototype exercises was effective in creating significant increases of ECRB normalised EMG activity in a linear manner that may, with future research, become useful to clinicians treating LE. In addition, between trial reliability for the device to generate a consistent load was acceptable.Peer reviewe

Bromelioideae 100 BEAST trees

Random sample of 100 trees from the BEAST relaxed clock analyses (log-normal rates, Yule prior

Source code for the JIVE model

Set of R scripts to run the JIVE model described in the Kostikova et al manuscript

Carnivora Fossil and Pylogenetic Empirical Data

The folder “empirical_data” contains the empirical data used for estimating age-dependent extinction processes. The folder “fossil_ Pires_et_al_2015” stores fossil data of Carnivora from the Northern Hemisphere compiled and cleansed by Pires et al. (2015). Inside the folder, “all_carnivora_SpeciesList.txt” provides a species list with extinct or extant status. The file “all_carnivora.py” is a ready for PyRate input file of the fossil data set, for more information please refer to PyRate help literature provided at https://github.com/dsilvestro/PyRate/wiki. The files “all_carnivora_combined_10_files.log” and “all_carnivora_Neogene_combined_10_files.log” are the outputs from the PyRate runs of the 10 replicated data sets for the entire fossil data set and the data set for the fossils found during the Neogene (see Fig2 for a schematic workflow). The folder “phylogenetic_Nyakatura_Bininda-Emonds_2012” stores the dated phylogeny of 286 species extant carnivores, with crown age at about 65 Ma build by Nyakatura and Bininda-Emonds (2012) References - Pires M.M., Silvestro D., Quental T.B. 2015. Continental faunal exchange and the asymmetrical radiation of carnivores. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. Ser. B 282. - Nyakatura K., Bininda-Emonds O.R.P. 2012. Updating the evolutionary history of carnivora (mammalia): A new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. Bmc Biol 10

Genetic complementation of <i>ste1-1</i>, <i>dwarf5-2</i> and <i>dim</i> sterol biosynthetic mutants expressing <i>STE1-YFP</i>, <i>DWARF5-YFP</i>, and <i>DIM-YFP</i> cDNAs, respectively.

<p>GC-FID chromatograms of steryl acetates are shown. (A) <i>dwarf5-2</i> mutant; (B) <i>dwarf5-2</i>/<i>DWARF5-YFP</i> partially complemented mutant; (C) <i>dwarf5-2</i>/<i>DWARF5-YFP</i> fully complemented mutant. (D) <i>dim</i> mutant; (E), <i>dim</i>/<i>DIM-YFP</i> partially complemented mutant; (F) <i>dim</i>/<i>DIM-YFP</i> fully complemented mutant. (G) <i>ste1-1</i> mutant; (H), <i>ste1-1</i>/<i>STE1-YFP</i> partially complemented mutant; (I) <i>ste1-1</i>/<i>STE1-YFP</i> fully complemented mutant. Sterol peaks identified by their retention time and confirmed by GC-MS (prominent mass fragments not shown here) are: 1, cholesterol; 2, Δ^5,7-cholesterol; 3, Δ⁷-cholesterol; 4, campesterol; 5, Δ⁷-campesterol; 6, Δ^5,7-campesterol; 7, Δ^5,7-stigmasterol; 8, Δ⁸-sitosterol; 9, Δ^5,7-sitosterol; 10, sitosterol; 11, isofucosterol; 12, Δ⁷-sitosterol; 13, 24-methylene cholesterol; 14, stigmasterol; 15, Δ⁷-avenasterol. Full complementation of <i>dwarf5-2</i>, <i>dim</i> and <i>ste1-1</i> results in the accumulation of sitosterol (10) instead of Δ^5,7-sitosterol (9), isofucosterol (11) and Δ⁷-sitosterol (12), respectively. The relevant peaks in each complementation are labelled in bold in the relevant panels.</p

Plant Sterol Metabolism. Δ⁷-Sterol-C₅-Desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ^5,7-Sterol-Δ⁷-Reductase (DWARF5) and Δ²⁴-Sterol-Δ²⁴-Reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) Show Multiple Subcellular Localizations in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> (Heynh) L

<div><p>Sterols are crucial lipid components that regulate membrane permeability and fluidity and are the precursors of bioactive steroids. The plant sterols exist as three major forms, free sterols, steryl glycosides and steryl esters. The storage of steryl esters in lipid droplets has been shown to contribute to cellular sterol homeostasis. To further document cellular aspects of sterol biosynthesis in plants, we addressed the question of the subcellular localization of the enzymes implicated in the final steps of the post-squalene biosynthetic pathway. In order to create a clear localization map of steroidogenic enzymes in cells, the coding regions of Δ⁷-sterol-C₅-desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ²⁴-sterol-Δ²⁴-reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) and Δ^5,7-sterol-Δ⁷-reductase (DWARF5) were fused to the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and transformed into <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> mutant lines deficient in the corresponding enzymes. All fusion proteins were found to localize in the endoplasmic reticulum in functionally complemented plants. The results show that both Δ^5,7-sterol-Δ⁷-reductase and Δ²⁴-sterol-Δ²⁴-reductase are in addition localized to the plasma membrane, whereas Δ⁷-sterol-C₅-desaturase was clearly detected in lipid particles. These findings raise new challenging questions about the spatial and dynamic cellular organization of sterol biosynthesis in plants.</p> </div

Sterol composition of wild type and <i>dwarf5-2</i> (<i>d5</i>), <i>dim</i> (<i>d1</i>) and <i>ste1-1</i> (<i>s1</i>) Arabidopsis mutant plants.

<p>The values refer to the partially and fully complemented plants compared to the not complemented. The numbers in parentheses refers to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056429#pone-0056429-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056429#pone-0056429-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. tr = trace amount; - = compound not detected. Accurate sterol nomenclature can be found at IUPAC <a href="http://www.iupac.org" target="_blank">http://www.iupac.org</a>.</p

Table S5 from Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level

<b>95% Confidence intervals around BM and OU parameters estimated on the consensus tree using <i>fitContinuous (geiger</i> R package³²).</b> Rates of morphological evolution and confidence intervals around the rates are similar to those estimated with different topologies, suggesting that the small size of our phylogeny is not affecting our results

Subcellular localization of DWARF5-YFP protein in Arabidopsis <i>dwarf5-2::DWARF5-YFP</i> plants.

<p>(A) Confocal images of leaves showing protein distribution in the ER and (D) to the periphery of the cell (yellow arrow). (B) Chlorophyll autofluorescence. (E) In red is shown the chlorophyll autofluorescence combined with the FM4-64 fluorescence localized to the PM. The overlay images show (C) the complete separation of red and yellow signal and (F) the co-localization of DWARF5-YFP and FM4-64 indicating the PM association of DWARF5. Scale bars = 25 µm.</p

Figure S3 from Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level

Permutation tests suggesting that the number of individuals is sufficient to accurately estimate the variance of traits in A. clarkii. Each boxplot represent 100 estimations of variance from 2 to 53 individuals randomly chosen in the microevolutionary dataset of 53 A. clarkii individuals