InAs nanowire hot-electron Josephson transistor

At a superconductor (S)-normal metal (N) junction pairing correlations can "leak-out" into the N region. This proximity effect [1, 2] modifies the system transport properties and can lead to supercurrent flow in SNS junctions [3]. Recent experimental works showed the potential of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) as building blocks for nanometre-scale devices [4-7], also in combination with superconducting elements [8-12]. Here, we demonstrate an InAs NW Josephson transistor where supercurrent is controlled by hot-quasiparticle injection from normal-metal electrodes. Operational principle is based on the modification of NW electron-energy distribution [13-20] that can yield reduced dissipation and high-switching speed. We shall argue that exploitation of this principle with heterostructured semiconductor NWs opens the way to a host of out-of-equilibrium hybrid-nanodevice concepts [7, 21].Comment: 6 pages, 6 color figure

Similar effectiveness of dapagliflozin and GLP-1 receptor agonists concerning combined endpoints in routine clinical practice: A multicentre retrospective study

Aims According to cardiovascular outcome trials, some sodium-glucose contransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are recommended for secondary cardiovascular prevention in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this real-world study, we compared the simultaneous reductions in HbA1c, body weight and systolic blood pressure after initiation of dapagliflozin or GLP-1RA as second or a more advanced line of therapy. Materials and methods DARWIN-T2D was a retrospective multi-centre study conducted at diabetes specialist clinics in Italy that compared T2D patients who initiated dapagliflozin or GLP-1RA (exenatide once weekly or liraglutide). Data were collected at baseline and at the first follow-up visit after 3 to 12 months. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving a simultaneous reduction in HbA1c, body weight and systolic blood pressure. To reduce confounding, we used multivariable adjustment (MVA) or propensity score matching (PSM). Results Totals of 473 patients initiating dapagliflozin and 336 patients initiating GLP-1RA were included. The two groups differed in age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, weight and concomitant medications. The median follow-up was 6 months in both groups. Using MVA or PSM, the primary endpoint was observed in 30% to 32% of patients, with no difference between groups. Simultaneous reduction of HbA1c, BP and SBP by specific threshold, as well as achievement of final goals, did not differ between groups. GLP-1RA reduced HbA1c by 0.3% more than the reduction achieved with dapagliflozin. Conclusion In routine specialist care, initiation of dapagliflozin can be as effective as initiation of a GLP-1RA for attainment of combined risk factor goals

Quantitative Determination of the Band Gap of WS2 with Ambipolar Ionic Liquid-Gated Transistors

We realized ambipolar field-effect transistors by coupling exfoliated thin flakes of tungsten disulfide (WS2) with an ionic liquid dielectric. The devices show ideal electrical characteristics, including very steep subthreshold slopes for both electrons and holes and extremely low OFF-state currents. Thanks to these ideal characteristics, we determine with high precision the size of the band gap of WS2 ddirectly from the gate-voltage dependence of the source-drain current. Our results demonstrate how a careful use of ionic liquid dielectrics offers a powerful strategy to study quantitatively the electronic properties of nanoscale materials

Quantitative Determination of the Band Gap of WS₂ with Ambipolar Ionic Liquid-Gated Transistors

We realized ambipolar field-effect transistors by coupling exfoliated thin flakes of tungsten disulfide (WS₂) with an ionic liquid dielectric. The devices show ideal electrical characteristics, including very steep subthreshold slopes for both electrons and holes and extremely low OFF-state currents. Thanks to these ideal characteristics, we determine with high precision the size of the band gap of WS₂ directly from the gate-voltage dependence of the source-drain current. Our results demonstrate how a careful use of ionic liquid dielectrics offers a powerful strategy to study quantitatively the electronic properties of nanoscale materials

Gemcitabine biochemical machinery.

<p>The biotransformation and pharmacologic action of dFdC and its metabolites. The different arrows, with respect to the legend on the right, are () transport into cell (by a nucleoside transporter hENT1); () enzymatic reaction (where dCK is the enzyme); () inhibition (of dCK by binding with dCTP); () synthesis (of CDP); () DNA incorporation (of dFdC-TP). See the text for or a more detailed description.</p

The correlation between gemcitabine efficacy and the ratio of dCK and RR.

<p>The correlation between gemcitabine efficacy, measured as and the ratio of dCK and RR concentrations, given with , with respect to the experiments reported in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050176#pone.0050176-Giovannetti2" target="_blank">[27]</a>.</p

Sensitivity to dCK, dCMPD and RR inhibitions.

<p>The plots displaying the area under the curve (AUC) for dFdC-TP (top row) and dCTP (bottom row) that result from the simulations with respect to different rate values. At every column, there are plots for different RR inhibition association rates, varied from to with an order of magnitude at each step. In each plot, the association rates of the dCK and dCMPD inhibitions are varied from to , given in logarithmic scale. The dissociation rates are set to . A scaling factor of is used for intrinsic noise, which is observed at the dCTP plots where RR inhibition rate values are less than .</p

The correlation between gemcitabine efficacy and the ratio of dCK and RR in the simulations.

<p>The correlation between gemcitabine efficacy measured as and the ratio of dCK and RR, given with with respect to simulations with our model.</p

Observed number of molecules of intracellular metabolites.

<p>Number of molecule obtained by a conversion of the concentration values given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050176#pone-0050176-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p