Principles and rules for defining of common consolidated tax base in the European Union

The "Common Consolidated Tax Base" system is an ambitious goal of the European Commission. Technical discussions related to this system were launched in September 2004, when was formed a working group to help the Commission to prepare a legislative proposal in this regard. Until now has been accurately defined the principles of the system and identified a number of operating rules. In this paper we propose to render some specific instances that demonstrate how the "Common Consolidated Tax Base" can achieve the objectives set by the Commission.common consolidated tax base, principles, tax mechanism

Performance and technology on the travel industry

Much of the technological development taking place in the travel trade and transport sectors is, surprisingly, still at the embryonic stage. The extent to which the subsectors utilize the technology will undoubtedly grow substantially in the future. This may have the effect of increasing the market or alternatively it may merely displace business by changing channels of distribution.travel industry, technological development, distribution

The Real Economy and Competition Policy in Periods of Retrenchment

Competition policy works well when markets are given time to evolve and drive improved efficiency; but this takes time. However, under current turbulent times, the short-run survival actions may be insistently sought by policy-makers under the pressure of trade unions and the exit of failing firms may be perceived to be more costly for society. Actually, the immediate costs that existing businesses, employees and consumers have to incur may be up-front and visible, while the benefits of competition may be less visible. As a consequence, times of severe financial and economic crises bring about a severe questioning of market mechanisms with unfailing regularity and the stance of the competition policy against this backdrop. We shall therefore look in the current paper at the role of competition authorities in a time of severe economic and financial crisis and in particular, at how the crisis will impact the application of competition law. In the end, we will conclude in favour of the need to preserve competition policy as well in difficult times even if we admit that a certain flexibilisation in procedures (but not in rules) may be probably necessary.retrenchment, antitrust and merger control, state aid policy, competition authority

Transfer Pricing in the European Union

The transfer pricing mechanism is a tool commonly used to transfer the tax base from countries with high taxation in countries with low taxation. In the European Union, this financial operations generate significant tax revenue losses. In an attempt to limit the handling of corporate tax systems, many public authorities have introduced regulations on transfer pricing, but the effectiveness of these rules has proved limited, and they contributed to the increasing complexity of tax laws and to the appearance of additional costs for companies. A solution to the solving of the transfer pricing problem in the European Union is represented by the introduction of the common consolidated corporate tax base

Analysis of Linear Block Codes as Sources with Memory

4 pagesInternational audienceThe linear, binary, block codes with no equally likely probabilities for the binary symbols are analyzed. The encoding graph for systematic linear block codes is proposed. These codes are seen as sources with memory and the information quantities H(S,X), H(S), H(X), H(X|S), H(S|X), I(S,X) are derived. On the base of these quantities, the code performances are analyzed

Infinite anti-uniform sources

6 pagesInternational audienceIn this paper we consider the class of anti-uniform Huffman (AUH) codes for sources with infinite alphabet. Poisson, negative binomial, geometric and exponential distributions lead to infinite anti-uniform sources for some ranges of their parameters. Huffman coding of these sources results in AUH codes. We prove that as a result of this encoding, we obtain sources with memory. For these sources we attach the graph and derive the transition matrix between states, the state probabilities and the entropy. If c0 and c1 denote the costs for storing or transmission of symbols "0" and "1", respectively, we compute the average cost for these AUH codes

INFINITE ANTI - UNIFORM SOURCES WITH GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

11 pagesInternational audienceIn this paper we consider the class of anti-uniform Huffman (AUH) codes for sources with infinite alphabet generated by geometric distribution. Huffman encoding of these sources results in AUH codes. As a result of this encoding, we obtain sources with memory. The entropy and average cost of these sources with memory are derived. We perform an analogy between sources with memory and discrete memoryless channels, showing that the entropy of the source with memory is similar to the mean error of the discrete memoryless channel. The information quantity I(X,S) specifies for AUH codes whether they are with memory or not, as it differs from zero or is equal to zero, respectively

The optimization of energy consumption in water supply systems

The present paper shows a few solutions of increasing the efficiency of water supply systems, by reducing the electrical energy consumption, which should also be correlated with the implications of the investment and exploitation costs, the extent of used surfaces, the volume and the quality of the built surfaces, taking into account that both the equipments and the surfaces built need a lot of energy for their construction