Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 protein rewires upstream STAT3 to downstream STAT1 signaling switching an IL6-type to an IFNγ-like response

MN and CP were supported by the Wellcome Trust (www.wellcome.ac.uk) Institutional Strategic Support Fund and CP was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (PA 815/2-1; www.dfg.de).The human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) major immediate-early 1 protein (IE1) is best known for activating transcription to facilitate viral replication. Here we present transcriptome data indicating that IE1 is as significant a repressor as it is an activator of host gene expression. Human cells induced to express IE1 exhibit global repression of IL6- and oncostatin M-responsive STAT3 target genes. This repression is followed by STAT1 phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 target genes normally induced by IFNγ. The observed repression and subsequent activation are both mediated through the same region (amino acids 410 to 445) in the C-terminal domain of IE1, and this region serves as a binding site for STAT3. Depletion of STAT3 phenocopies the STAT1-dependent IFNγ-like response to IE1. In contrast, depletion of the IL6 receptor (IL6ST) or the STAT kinase JAK1 prevents this response. Accordingly, treatment with IL6 leads to prolonged STAT1 instead of STAT3 activation in wild-type IE1 expressing cells, but not in cells expressing a mutant protein (IE1dl410-420) deficient for STAT3 binding. A very similar STAT1-directed response to IL6 is also present in cells infected with a wild-type or revertant hCMV, but not an IE1dl410-420 mutant virus, and this response results in restricted viral replication. We conclude that IE1 is sufficient and necessary to rewire upstream IL6-type to downstream IFNγ-like signaling, two pathways linked to opposing actions, resulting in repressed STAT3- and activated STAT1-responsive genes. These findings relate transcriptional repressor and activator functions of IE1 and suggest unexpected outcomes relevant to viral pathogenesis in response to cytokines or growth factors that signal through the IL6ST-JAK1-STAT3 axis in hCMV-infected cells. Our results also reveal that IE1, a protein considered to be a key activator of the hCMV productive cycle, has an unanticipated role in tempering viral replication.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Characteristics of the sample under investigation.

<p>Characteristics of the sample under investigation.</p

Postulated stress model.

<p>Postulated stress model.</p

Results of the within-subjects effects.

<p>P-values are reported for significant changes from T1 through T3.</p

The results of stepwise multiple linear regressions with mental health as the dependent variable.

<p>*Multiple linear regressions were performed (p<0.001).</p

A Monosaccharide Residue Is Sufficient to Maintain Mouse and Human IgG Subclass Activity and Directs IgG Effector Functions to Cellular Fc Receptors

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation modulates antibody activity and represents a major source of heterogeneity within antibody preparations. Depending on their glycosylation pattern, individual IgG glycovariants present in recombinant antibody preparations may trigger effects ranging from enhanced pro-inflammatory activity to increased anti-inflammatory activity. In contrast, reduction of IgG glycosylation beyond the central mannose core is generally believed to result in impaired IgG activity. However, this study reveals that a mono- or disaccharide structure consisting of one N-acetylglucosamine with or without a branching fucose residue is sufficient to retain the activity of the most active human and mouse IgG subclasses in vivo and further directs antibody activity to cellular Fcγ receptors. Notably, the activity of minimally glycosylated antibodies is not predicted by in vitro assays based on a monomeric antibody-Fcγ-receptor interaction analysis, whereas in vitro assay systems using immune complexes are more suitable to predict IgG activity in vivo

Dietary obesity-associated Hif1α activation in adipocytes restricts fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure via suppression of the Sirt2-NAD+ system

Dietary obesity is a major determinant of type 2 diabetes and is characterized by enlarged white adipose tissue. Such tissue is poorly oxygenated, leading to hypoxia and activation of HIF1α. Krek and colleagues uncover a central role for HIF1α in promoting and maintaining such obesity. HIF1α directly represses a Sirt2–Pgc1α pathway that controls adipocyte fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure. The work thus outlines a regulatory pathway that is initiated within obesity-associated hypoxic tissue mass and that then creates a metabolic state supportive of pathological tissue expansion

Residues within IE1 region 410–445 are required for targeting of STAT3 and down-regulation of STAT3-responsive genes.

<p>(A) TetR cells without (w/o) or with inducible expression of the indicated HA-IE1 proteins were treated with dox for 48 h. During the final 24 h of dox treatment, cells were kept in medium with 0.5% FBS. Subcellular localization of endogenous STAT3α in IE1 expressing cells was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Samples were simultaneously reacted with a rabbit monoclonal antibody to STAT3α and a mouse monoclonal antibody to HA-tagged IE1, followed by incubation with a rabbit-specific Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate and a mouse-specific Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate. Host cell nuclei were visualized by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Additionally, merge images of STAT3α, IE1 and DAPI signals are presented. (B) The percentage of cells with i) predominantly nuclear STAT3α staining (N>C), ii) equally strong nuclear and cytoplasmic STAT3α staining (N = C) and iii) predominantly cytoplasmic STAT3α staining (C>N) was determined for 100 randomly selected cells per sample described in (A). (C) TetR cells without or with inducible expression of HA-tagged wild-type IE1 or IE1dl410-420 were treated with dox for 72 h and with solvent (w/o) or IL6 plus IL6R (IL6/Rα) for 30 min. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared and analyzed by immunoblotting for histone H2B, STAT2, STAT3α and IE1. (D) TetR cells without (w/o) or with inducible expression of HA-tagged wild-type IE1 or IE1dl410-420 were treated with dox for 72 h. Whole cell extracts were prepared and used for immunoprecipitations (IPs) with anti-HA-agarose. Samples of lysates and immunoprecipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting for IE1 and STAT3α. (E) TetR cells without (w/o) or with inducible expression of HA-tagged wild-type IE1 or IE1dl410-420 were treated with dox for 72 h and with IL6 plus IL6R for 30 min. Samples were subjected to ChIP with rabbit polyclonal antibodies to STAT3 or normal rabbit IgG and primers specific for sequences in the SOCS3 promoter or coding region. The percentage of output versus input DNA is presented as the difference between STAT3 and normal IgG ChIPs. Means and standard deviations of two biological and two technical replicates are shown. (F) TetR cells without (w/o) or with inducible expression of the indicated HA-tagged wild-type or mutant IE1 proteins were treated with dox for 72 h. Relative mRNA expression levels were determined by RT-qPCR with primers specific for the STAT3 target genes CXCL12 and SOCS3. Results were normalized to TUBB, and means and standard deviations of two biological and two technical replicates are shown in comparison to IE1-negative TetR cells (set to 1).</p

Systematic deletion analysis of C-terminal IE1 residues 373–491.

<p>(A) Schematic overview of amino acids 373–491 in the tested wild-type and mutant IE1 proteins. Positions of the low-complexity motifs (acidic domains AD1-3 and serine/proline-rich region S/P), the SUMOylation site (K450) and the chromatin tethering domain (CTD) are shown. (B) TetR cells without (w/o) or with inducible expression of the indicated HA-tagged wild-type or mutant IE1 proteins were treated with dox for 72 h. Whole cell protein extracts were prepared and analyzed by immunoblotting for IE1 (HA tag) and GAPDH. (C) TetR cells without (w/o) or with inducible expression of the indicated HA-tagged wild-type or mutant IE1 proteins were treated with dox for 72 h. Whole cell extracts prepared in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide were used for immunoprecipitation with anti-HA-agarose, and samples were analyzed by immunoblotting for IE1 (HA tag) and SUMO1.</p