Sviluppo di competenze chiave di cittadinanza e di metacognizione attraverso l'insegnamento di Latino e Greco: percezioni di docenti e studenti della Scuola Secondaria in Spagna e Italia.

Sia accademici che legislatori discutono sull'importanza di metodi di apprendimento e insegnamento innovativi per prevenire l'abbandono scolastico e preparare i futuri adulti ad affrontare contesti sociali sfavorevoli. Ecco perché dal 2006 il Parlamento europeo ha incoraggiato tutti i paesi membri a promuovere nella scuola le competenze chiave di cittadinanza e la metacognizione. Tuttavia, mancano studi specifici sulle lingue classiche nella scuola secondaria. L'obiettivo di questo studio è scoprire quali sono le percezioni degli studenti e degli insegnanti italiani e spagnoli riguardo all'apprendimento e all'insegnamento delle lingue classiche secondo la didattica per competenze. Utilizziamo uno studio di caso di tipo osservativo, con un disegno misto, parallelo, convergente, con 213 studenti e 47 insegnanti. Dal confronto tra i risultati dell'analisi quantitativa e qualitativa che si riferiscono alla metacognizione, comportamenti osservabili e opinioni degli studenti rafforzano l'idea che le concezioni di apprendimento degli studenti influenzano le loro strategie metacognitive. Si conferma anche che alcuni alunni hanno una certa percezione dell'utilità del Latino e del Greco, anche se chiedono uno strumento che possa aiutarli a diventare più consapevoli dello sviluppo delle competenze di cittadinanza attraverso questi studi. In particolare, viene evidenziato che gli studenti spagnoli enfatizzano maggiormente l'utilità dei classici in termini di abilità comunicative, mentre gli studenti italiani sottolineano maggiormente la competenza di "imparare ad imparare". Per quanto riguarda la metacognizione degli insegnanti di classici, si mostra che tali docenti sono abituati a riflettere sul processo di insegnamento e offrono interessanti suggerimenti per migliorare l'insegnamento dei classici.Both academics and legislators discuss the importance of innovative learning and teaching methods to prevent early school leaving and prepare future adults to face unfavorable social contexts. This is why since 2006 the European Parliament has encouraged all member countries to promote key citizenship competences and metacognition at school. However, specific studies on classical languages in secondary school are lacking. The aim of this study is to find out what the perceptions of Italian and Spanish students and teachers are regarding the learning and teaching of classical languages according to competences. We use an observational case study, with a mixed, parallel, convergent design, with 213 students and 47 teachers. By comparing the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis that relate to metacognition, students 'observable behaviors and opinions reinforce the idea that students' learning conceptions influence their metacognitive strategies. It is also confirmed that some pupils have a certain perception of the usefulness of Latin and Greek, even if they ask for a tool that helps them become more aware of the development of key citizenship competences through these studies. In particular, it is highlighted that the Spanish students emphasize more the usefulness of the classics in terms of communication skills, while the Italian students emphasize more the competence of "learning to learn". As for the metacognition of teachers of classics, it is shown that these teachers are used to reflecting on the teaching process and offer interesting suggestions for improving the teaching of classics

Formative assessment and key competences for a conscious recovery after COVID-19: an Action-Research at a school in Italy to enhance reflection starting from mistakes

The study presents the results of an Action-Research project carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic with Italian teachers of primary, lower and upper secondary schools, interested in monitoring the activity of students in that difficult situation. The purposes of this study were: (a) to demonstrate that the involvement of teachers in the creation of metacognitive tools promotes the use of formative assessment at school; (b) to verify to what extent the use of a metacognitive form makes students more aware of the mistakes made during the test. The results were: (a) teachers showed great enthusiasm in adapting the metacognitive form to their school subject; (b) students pointed out high percentages of appreciation of the form; what is more, a group of students improved in identifying the typology of errors and understood more clearly what they should study in a better way to correct their mistakes; another group noted that their awareness of their strengths in study method had grown; finally, one group highlighted that the skills used during the completion of the form were also useful in other areas of their daily life, not only at school. Both teachers and students appreciated the online version of the tool: the pie charts created automatically by the system, by displaying percentages over typologies of errors made, provided immediate feedback, motivating students more and more. The study shows how much reflection on mistakes can be a source of growth

Italian and Spanish Students’ Perception on Use of Technology in Classrooms of Classics in Secondary School

A society that is becoming increasingly digital must explore new ways of learning. In fact, digital technologies have an impact on the education through the development of more flexible learning environments adapted to the needs of a high-mobility society. To prepare future citizens to the needs of the digital labor market, recent educational reforms in Italy and Spain focused their attention on students’ Digital Competences. Therefore, we are interested in probing how students of classical studies in Italian and Spanish high schools perceive the use of new technologies in the classroom. It is important to investigate classics at school, because traditionally this program is perceived as less useful for employment. We used a qualitative case study methodology and collected data through semi-structured interviews with students from both nationalities. OpenCode software was used to analyse the data. The main content categories identified were: use of technological resources in the classroom, teaching methods, useful Latin and Greek competences for job placement. The results showed that students, especially Italians, perceive a lack of technology usage in the classroom due to teacher-centered instruction prevailing. Moreover, students who use technology in the classroom are not aware of its usefulness in their future job. Conclusions will offer suggestions to students of classics. Una sociedad que cada vez es más tecnológica debe explorar nuevas formas de aprendizaje. De hecho, las tecnologías digitales tienen un impacto en la educación a través del desarrollo de entornos de aprendizaje más flexibles adaptados a las necesidades de una sociedad de alta movilidad. Para preparar a los jóvenes en su futura incorporación al mercado laboral, las recientes reformas educativas en Italia y en España han centrado su atención en las competencias digitales de los estudiantes. Por ello, estamos interesados en investigar cómo el alumnado de estudios clásicos en escuelas secundarias italianas y españolas perciben el uso de las nuevas tecnologías en el aula. Es relevante investigar acerca de los clásicos en la escuela porque tradicionalmente estas materias se perciben como menos útiles para el trabajo. Utilizamos una metodología de estudio de caso cualitativa y recopilamos datos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con estudiantes de ambos países. Se utilizó el programa OpenCode para analizar los datos. Las principales categorías de contenido fueron: uso de recursos tecnológicos en el aula, métodos de enseñanza, competencias latinas y griegas útiles para la colocación laboral. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes, especialmente los italianos, perciben una falta de uso de la tecnología en el aula y el uso de la enseñanza tradicional expositiva prevalece. Los que usan la tecnología en el aula no son conscientes de la utilidad para su trabajo futuro. Concluimos con sugerencias para estudiantes de lenguas y cultura clásicas

Sviluppo di competenze chiave di cittadinanza e di metacognizione attraverso l'insegnamento di Latino e Greco: percezioni di docenti e studenti della Scuola Secondaria in Spagna e Italia

La tesis investiga sobre la enseñanza de lenguas clásicas en centros educativos de educación secundaria de Italia y España y su relación con el desarrollo de competencias de ciudadanía y metacognición. El objetivo de este estudio es averiguar cuáles son las percepciones de los estudiantes y profesores italianos y españoles sobre el aprendizaje y la enseñanza del latín y el griego según la didáctica de las competencias. Se utilizó un estudio de casos múltiples con un diseño de investigación mixto, con 173 estudiantes y 25 profesores españoles e italianos como participantes en la fase cuantitativa y 40 estudiantes y 18 profesores de las mismas nacionalidades en la cualitativa. Entre los resultados destacan la importancia de trabajar los conceptos de aprendizaje de los alumnos de clásicas y la enseñanza que ayuda a los alumnos a desarrollar las competencias clave (evaluación, el feedback, la personalidad del profesor, la interactividad y la disciplina). Se ofrecen vías útiles para la enseñanza y nuevas perspectivas para la investigación futura en este campo.The thesis investigates the teaching of classical languages in secondary schools in Italy and Spain and its relationship with the development of citizenship and metacognitive competences. The aim of this study is to find out what are the perceptions of Italian and Spanish students and teachers on the learning and teaching of Latin and Greek according to the didactics of competences. A multiple case study with a mixed research design was used, with 173 students and 25 Spanish and Italian teachers as participants in the quantitative phase and 40 students and 18 teachers of the same nationalities in the qualitative phase. The results highlight the importance of working on the learning concepts of Classics students and teaching that helps students to develop key competences (assessment, feedback, teacher personality, interactivity and discipline). Useful avenues for teaching and new perspectives for future research in this field are offered

Desarrollo de concepciones de aprendizaje y estrategias metacognitivas de estudiantes de Latin y Griego en Italia y España

To improve the use of learning strategies, the research suggests, among other possible elements, to consider the metacognitive variables of students and teachers. However, specific studies on this topic are still lacking as regards the teaching of Latin and Greek, considering that these subjects survive with difficulty in different educational systems. The study focuses on Italy and Spain, because it is developed in the context of a doctorate in international co-tutelage between these two countries. Knowledge of the two educational systems, both Italian and Spanish, has shown us that Spanish students start studying "Classical culture" earlier than Italians. In addition, they receive basic training in metacognition during ESO (compulsory secondary school), an element that Italians lack. We wanted to analyze: a) if there are relationships between students' conceptions of learning and their metacognitive strategies; b) if the class attended and the nationality influence the development of metacognition; c) the metacognitive levels of teachers; and d) the greater difficulty of students in studying classical languages, in the opinion of teachers. The results showed that students' conceptions of learning influence their metacognitive strategies. Therefore, more work needs to be done on students' metacognition. The class attended by Italian students does not influence the development of metacognition: this can be attributed to the fact that students do not receive specific training on metacognition at the liceo classico. On the other hand, teachers showed high levels of metacog-nition and stressed that a metacognitive tool is needed to help students do self-assessment in Latin and Greek and have more awareness in the use of metacognitive strategies.Per migliorare l'uso delle strategie di apprendimento, la ricerca suggerisce, tra i possibili altri elementi, di considerare le variabili metacognitive di studenti e insegnanti. Tuttavia mancano ancora studi specifici su questo argomento per quanto riguarda l'insegnamento del latino e del greco, considerando che queste materie sopravvivono con difficoltà in diversi sistemi educativi. Lo studio si concentra sull'Italia e sulla Spagna, perché si sviluppa nell'ambito di un dottorato in cotutela internazionale tra i due Paesi. La conoscenza dei due sistemi educativi, italiano e spagnolo, ci ha mostrato che gli studenti spagnoli iniziano prima degli italiani a studiare “Cultura classica”. Inoltre, ricevono una formazione di base in metacognizione durante la ESO (scuola secondaria obbligatoria), elemento che manca agli italiani. Abbiamo voluto analizzare: a) se esistono relazioni tra le concezioni di apprendimento degli studenti e le loro strategie metacognitive; b) se la classe frequentata e la nazionalità influenzano lo sviluppo della metacognizione; c) i livelli metacognitivi che hanno gli insegnanti; e d) la maggiore difficoltà degli studenti nello studio delle lingue classiche, secondo il parere degli insegnanti. I risultati hanno mostrato che le concezioni di apprendimento degli studenti influenzano le loro strategie metacognitive. Pertanto, è necessario lavorare di più sulla metacognizione degli studenti. Il fatto che per gli italiani la classe frequentata non influenza lo sviluppo della metacognizione può essere attribuito al fatto che gli studenti non ricevono formazione specifica sulla metacognizione al liceo classico. D'altra parte, gli insegnanti hanno mostrato alti livelli di metacognizione e hanno sottolineato che è necessario uno strumento metacognitivo che aiuti gli studenti a fare autovalutazione in latino e greco e ad avere più consapevolezza nell'uso delle strategie metacognitive

La Formación del Profesorado para la Inclusión. Evolución Normativa y Situación Actual en Turquía, República Checa e Italia

Recientes propuestas de UNESCO y nuevas leyes europeas enfocan el tema de la inclusión en el campo de la educación. Con este estudio de naturaleza comparada mostramos la situación de Turquía, República Checa e Italia por lo que se refiere a la formación del profesorado en servicio y en la fase de su formación inicial. A través de la comparación de la legislación de cada país, se evidencia la presencia de un plan de formación trienal para el profesorado en servicio en República Checa e Italia. Discurso distinto tenemos que hacer para Turquía. En las conclusiones describimos analogías y diferencias entre los tres países