Supplementary Material from O brother, where art thou? Investment in siblings for inclusive fitness benefits, not father absence, predicts earlier age at menarche

Additional tables of descriptive statistics and supplementary analysis to support the main manuscrip

data_Smith&Amarasekare

Mean parasitism rates at each temperatur

Mining and the sustainability of metals

The mining and processing of minerals underpins modern technology and infrastructure. Each year, over 3.3 billion tonnes of metals are produced globally, and most predictions of demand show increasing consumption of metals in the coming decades, including in renewable energy generation, electric vehicles and batteries. The transition of the world’s economies and industries to more sustainable energy and technologies will require more mining and processing of non-renewable mineral resources, with associated positive and negative impacts on the environment and society. </p

Source controls on mineralisation: Regional geology and magmatic evolution of Fiji

 There is a well-established link between world-class gold telluride mineral deposits and alkalic magmatic host rocks, often emplaced post-subduction in arc terranes. Fiji is home to two such deposits, and provides an ideal location to study the relationship between the alkalic (shoshonitic) host rocks, their geodynamic context, and potential roles in metal enrichment. A total of 93 new geochemical analyses of magmatic rocks from across Fiji are presented, alongside detailed petrography and mineralogy and a new compilation of literature data. Despite relatively similar mineralogy across syn- and post-subduction samples, there are geochemical differences between them, with the latter displaying elevated concentrations of Ba (magmas, they are likely insufficient to drive such strong trends. Instead, biotite or possibly phlogopite in the lithosphere are suggested as being a key ‘ingredient’. Earlier subduction can modify the lithosphere through the addition of hydrous phases, both by metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle, or by the formation of residual minerals during fractional crystallisation. Remelting of these phases could liberate trace elements and metals. Biotite in particular could facilitate some of the observed large ion lithophile elements (LILE) enrichments and the alkali-rich (potassic) nature of the magmas. </p

Load Sharing Between Batten to Rafter Connections under Wind Loading

This paper was reviewed and accepted by the APCWE-IX Programme Committee for Presentation at the 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, held from 3-7 December 2017

Additional file 1: of Spontaneous viral clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV-positive men who have sex with men (HIV+ MSM): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Search strategies by risk group. Provides the search strings used to locate literature across the electronic databases for both the PWID and HIV+ MSM risk groups. (PDF 6 kb

Additional file 2: of Spontaneous viral clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV-positive men who have sex with men (HIV+ MSM): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fisher’s exact tests for variables associated with spontaneous viral clearance among PWID. Provides the results of Fisher’s exact tests for variables associated with spontaneous viral clearance among the PWID samples. (PDF 7 kb

The Volatile Record of Volcanic Apatite and its Implications for the Formation of Porphyry Copper Deposits

Volatile saturation influences the physicochemical behavior of magmas and is essential for the sequestration of metals in porphyry copper deposits. Tracking the evolution of volatile components (F, Cl, H2O, S) in arc systems is complicated by their mobility and tendency to rapidly re-equilibrate with late-stage melts. We demonstrate that accurate measurements of volatile concentrations in apatite offer a reliable method for identifying the occurrence of volatile saturation. Fluorine, Cl, S, and calculated OH concentrations in apatite obtained by scanning electron microscope−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis were used to compare two end-member volcanic systems in the West Luzon Arc (Philippines): Pinatubo (a fluid-saturated analogue for porphyry copper deposits) and Taal (a barren and fluid-undersaturated comparator). Apatites from Pinatubo are S-rich (0.04−0.64 wt%) and show a progressive decrease in XCl/XOH (0.6−0.25) and an increase in XF/XCl (1.5−8) and XF/XOH (0.75−1.2) during crystallization. Modeling indicates that these changes result from efficient partitioning of Cl into a continuously saturated H2O-rich fluid, while high regions of S in apatite reflect episodic flushing by a separate S-rich flux. Little S is evident in apatites from Taal (<300 ppm), which show increasing XCl/XOH and XF/XOH together with constant XF/XCl during crystallization. This cannot be explained using an H2O-saturated model, and instead reflects fluid-undersaturated crystallization and cooling in a reduced and/or S-depleted system. Measured volatiles in apatite therefore effectively discriminate volatile-saturated and undersaturated magmatic systems, providing an important ‘fertility’ filter for porphyry exploration.</p

The Volatile Record of Volcanic Apatite and its Implications for the Formation of Porphyry Copper Deposits

Volatile saturation influences the physicochemical behavior of magmas and is essential for the sequestration of metals in porphyry copper deposits. Tracking the evolution of volatile components (F, Cl, H2O, S) in arc systems is complicated by their mobility and tendency to rapidly re-equilibrate with late-stage melts. We demonstrate that accurate measurements of volatile concentrations in apatite offer a reliable method for identifying the occurrence of volatile saturation. Fluorine, Cl, S, and calculated OH concentrations in apatite obtained by scanning electron microscope−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis were used to compare two end-member volcanic systems in the West Luzon Arc (Philippines): Pinatubo (a fluid-saturated analogue for porphyry copper deposits) and Taal (a barren and fluid-undersaturated comparator). Apatites from Pinatubo are S-rich (0.04−0.64 wt%) and show a progressive decrease in XCl/XOH (0.6−0.25) and an increase in XF/XCl (1.5−8) and XF/XOH (0.75−1.2) during crystallization. Modeling indicates that these changes result from efficient partitioning of Cl into a continuously saturated H2O-rich fluid, while high regions of S in apatite reflect episodic flushing by a separate S-rich flux. Little S is evident in apatites from Taal (<300 ppm), which show increasing XCl/XOH and XF/XOH together with constant XF/XCl during crystallization. This cannot be explained using an H2O-saturated model, and instead reflects fluid-undersaturated crystallization and cooling in a reduced and/or S-depleted system. Measured volatiles in apatite therefore effectively discriminate volatile-saturated and undersaturated magmatic systems, providing an important ‘fertility’ filter for porphyry exploration.</p

Additional file 2: of The HCV care continuum among people who use drugs: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Search strategy for CINAHL (via EBSCO), Embase (via Ovid), PsycInfo (via Ovid), and PubMed (via Medline)