Specific and social fears in children and adolescents : separating normative fears from problem indicators and phobias

Objective: To distinguish normative fears from problematic fears and phobias. Methods: We investigated 2,512 children and adolescents from a large community school-based study, the High Risk Study for Psychiatric Disorders. Parent reports of 18 fears and psychiatric diagnosis were investigated. We used two analytical approaches: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)/item response theory (IRT) and nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: According to IRT and ROC analyses, social fears are more likely to indicate problems and phobias than specific fears. Most specific fears were normative when mild; all specific fears indicate problems when pervasive. In addition, the situational fear of toilets and people who look unusual were highly indicative of specific phobia. Among social fears, those not restricted to performance and fear of writing in front of others indicate problems when mild. All social fears indicate problems and are highly indicative of social phobia when pervasive. Conclusion: These preliminary findings provide guidance for clinicians and researchers to determine the boundaries that separate normative fears from problem indicators in children and adolescents, and indicate a differential severity threshold for specific and social fears

Context-dependent preferences in starlings: linking ecology, foraging and choice

Foraging animals typically encounter opportunities that they either pursue or skip, but occasionally meet several alternatives simultaneously. Behavioural ecologists predict preferences using absolute properties of each option, while decision theorists focus on relative evaluations at the time of choice. We use European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to integrate ecological reasoning with decision models, linking and testing hypotheses for value acquisition and choice mechanism. We hypothesise that options' values depend jointly on absolute attributes, learning context, and subject's state. In simultaneous choices, preference could result either from comparing subjective values using deliberation time, or from processing each alternative independently, without relative comparisons. The combination of the value acquisition hypothesis and independent processing at choice time has been called the Sequential Choice Model. We test this model with options equated in absolute properties to exclude the possibility of preference being built at the time of choice. Starlings learned to obtain food by responding to four stimuli in two contexts. In context [AB], they encountered options A5 or B10 in random alternation; in context [CD], they met C10 or D20. Delay to food is denoted, in seconds, by the suffixes. Observed latency to respond (Li) to each option alone (our measure of value) ranked thus: LA≈LC<LB<<LD, consistently with value being sensitive to both delay and learning context. We then introduced simultaneous presentations of A5 vs. C10 and B10 vs. C10, using latencies in no-choice tests to predict sign and strength of preference in pairings. Starlings preferred A5 over C10 and C10 over B10. There was no detectable evaluation time, and preference magnitude was predictable from latency differentials. This implies that value reflects learning rather than choice context, that preferences are not constructed by relative judgements at the time of choice, and that mechanisms adapted for sequential decisions are effective to predict choice behaviour.This work was supported by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Grant BB/G007144/1 to AK www.bbsrc.ac.uk; TM was supported by a Doctoral Grant from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) www.fct.pt/index.phtml.en. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Relação da idade na presença de bactérias resistentes a antimicrobianos em rebanhos leiteiros no Rio Grande do Sul

A mastite bovina é uma doença importante na bovinocultura de leite, devido à sua alta incidência e perdas econômicas associadas principalmente com a produção de leite reduzida e aos custos do tratamento. O uso de antimicrobianos para o tratamento de casos clínicos e no período seco tem levantado preocupações quanto à seleção de cepas bacterianas resistentes. Isso também pode refletir na saúde pública, uma vez que bactérias resistentes, como o Staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA), podem ser transmitidas aos seres humanos por contato direto com animais infectados ou produtos lácteos. A resistência das bactérias aos agentes antimicrobianos aumentou, em geral, devido a tratamentos ineficazes. Estudos realizados no Brasil com amostras não planejadas mostram aumento no padrão de resistência, principalmente em S. aureus. A exposição ao tratamento antimicrobiano repetido ao longo das lactações consecutivas de vacas pode ser um fator predisponente para o desenvolvimento da resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias que infectam o úbere. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a possível associação causal entre resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias isoladas a partir do leite bovino e dados como idade e período de lactação. As amostras de leite foram coletadas de 21 rebanhos leiteiros do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, selecionados aleatoriamente a partir da população-alvo de 1.656 explorações leiteiras semi-intensivas, estratificada por tamanho do rebanho. A bactéria foi considerada a unidade amostral, e para a estimativa de prevalência foram utilizados os seguintes parâmetros: uma frequência de 35% de Staphylococcus sp. resistentes à penicilina; um nível de confiança de 90%; e uma precisão absoluta de 12%. As bactérias foram isoladas de amostras de leite compostas de todos os quartos mamários de cada vaca após descartar os primeiros três ou quatro jatos de leite. Para acessar os potenciais fatores de risco, características dos animais foram obtidas através de uma entrevista com os produtores. Os exames laboratoriais foram realizados de acordo com as recomendações do National Mastitis Council. Um total de 242 isolados foi obtido de 195 vacas a partir da amostra do rebanho total (251 vacas). A prevalência de infecções foi descrita em grupos de acordo com o perfil epidemiológico: bactérias ambientais, contagiosas e outras. Estas perfizeram 57,3%, 26,3% e 11,2%, respectivamente, dos animais amostrados. Testes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana contra 12 diferentes antimicrobianos foram realizados em 159 isolados. No total, 30% dos isolados testados mostraram resistência a pelo menos três grupos diferentes de antimicrobianos e foram classificados como multirresistentes. Foram observadas as freqüências mais elevadas de resistência contra a ampicilina para os estafilococos coagulase-negativo, seguida de eritromicina para estafilococos coagulase-positivo e tetraciclina para estreptococos. A análise de regressão logística mostrou uma relação significativa entre a idade das vacas e a presença de estafilococos coagulase-positivo multirresistentes e distribuição de classes diferentes de bactérias nos diferentes estratos etários, o que sugere uma concorrência dinâmica ao longo do tempo (p < 0,05). Animais com três a quatro anos tiveram 13,7 vezes mais chances (IC95% 1,4 - 130,2, p = 0,02) de ter estafilococos coagulase-positivo multirresistentes em comparação com aqueles com dois ou três anos. O tempo de exposição a agentes infecciosos e consequentes terapias sugere uma maior chance de colonização do úbere por patógenos resistentes devido à pressão de seleção repetida durante a vida

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus clusters on small dairy farms in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT: In intensive dairy farming, persistent intramammary infection has been associated with specific Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains, and these strains may be resistant to antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of S. aureus isolates and to assess the distribution and the persistence of clonal groups in small dairy herds of southern Brazil. Milk samples were collected from all lactating cows from 21 dairy farms over a two-year period, totaling 1,060 samples. S. aureus isolates were tested for susceptibility to thirteen antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method. The total DNA of the isolates was subjected to SmaI digestion followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Banding patterns differing by ≤4 bands were considered members of a single PFGE cluster. The frequency of S. aureus isolation ranged from 3.45% to 70.59% among the 17 S. aureus-positive herds. Most S. aureus isolates (87.1%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials; resistance to penicillin (18.2%) was the most frequently observed. The 122 isolates subjected to macrorestriction analysis were classified into 30 PFGE-clusters. Among them, only 10 clusters were intermittent or persistent over the two-year period. The majority (93.6%) of isolates belonging to persistent and intermittent clusters were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. S. aureus intramammary colonization in small dairy farms of southern Brazil is most frequently caused by sporadic PFGE clusters, although some persistent clusters can arise over time. Both sporadic and persistent isolates were highly susceptible to antimicrobials

Specific and social fears in children and adolescents : separating normative fears from problem indicators and phobias

Objective: To distinguish normative fears from problematic fears and phobias. Methods: We investigated 2,512 children and adolescents from a large community school-based study, the High Risk Study for Psychiatric Disorders. Parent reports of 18 fears and psychiatric diagnosis were investigated. We used two analytical approaches: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)/item response theory (IRT) and nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: According to IRT and ROC analyses, social fears are more likely to indicate problems and phobias than specific fears. Most specific fears were normative when mild; all specific fears indicate problems when pervasive. In addition, the situational fear of toilets and people who look unusual were highly indicative of specific phobia. Among social fears, those not restricted to performance and fear of writing in front of others indicate problems when mild. All social fears indicate problems and are highly indicative of social phobia when pervasive. Conclusion: These preliminary findings provide guidance for clinicians and researchers to determine the boundaries that separate normative fears from problem indicators in children and adolescents, and indicate a differential severity threshold for specific and social fears