In vitro Metabolism of Grandisin, a Lignan with Anti-chagasic Activity

Tetrahydrofuran lignans represent a well-known group of phenolic compounds capable of acting as antiparasitic agents. In the search for new medicines for the treatment of Chagas disease, one promising compound is grandisin which has shown significant activity on trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. In this work, the in vitro metabolism of grandisin was studied in the pig cecum model and by biomimetic phase I reactions, aiming at an ensuing a preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation. Although grandisin exhibited no metabolization by the pig microbiota, one putative metabolite was formed in a biomimetic model using Jacobsen catalyst. The putative metabolite was tested against T. cruzi revealing loss of activity in comparison to grandisin.FINEPFINEPFAPESPFAPESPCAPESCAPESCNPqCNP

Study of the interaction between Gal-1 and mast cell

A galectina-1 (Gal-1) pertence à uma família de proteínas ligantes de ?-galactosídeos e participa de vários processos biológicos, tais como a modulação da resposta inflamatória. Os mastócitos desempenham um importante papel em eventos inflamatórios e alérgicos. Entretanto, o impacto da Gal-1 na biologia dos mastócitos é pouco conhecido. Neste trabalho, foram analisados os aspectos morfológicos e funcionais de células RBL-2H3 tratadas com Gal-1. Além disso, foi investigado o efeito da ausência de Gal-1 endógena sobre a desgranulação in vivo. A avaliação da interação de Gal-1Texas-Red com células RBL-2H3, por citometria de fluxo, indicou que esta lectina ligou-se às superfícies dessas células de modo dose-dependente. A Gal-1 foi capaz de promover a exposição de fosfatidilserina (FS, um marcador de apoptose) nas superfícies dessas células por meio de reconhecimento de carboidratos. Entretanto, as células RBL-2H3 tratadas com Gal-1 não apresentaram apoptose e/ou necrose, como indicado pelos resultados obtidos dos ensaios de TUNEL, DNA laddering, hipodiploidia, citotoxicidade e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) de células tratadas com Gal-1 (10 µM-1 hora) indicaram que essa lectina induziu ondulações apenas nas porções apicais das membranas plasmáticas de células RBL-2H3. Além disso, a Gal-1 modulou negativamente a formação de ondulações nas superfícies de células RBL-2H3 estimuladas via Fc?RI. A distribuição de componentes de Lipid Rafts relacionados ao processo de ativação celular via Fc?RI (Lyn, LAT e GD1b) foi modificada pelo tratamento dessas células com Gal-1 (10 µM), por 1 hora. As células RBL-2H3 tratadas com Gal-1(10µM-45 minutos) apresentaram níveis de liberação da enzima ?-hexosaminidase (?-HEX) semelhantes ao do controle negativo, sugerindo que essa lectina não promove a desgranulação de células RBL-2H3. Por outro lado, a Gal-1 inibiu a desgranulação de células RBL-2H3 ativadas via Fc?RI. O valor máximo de inibição (80%) da liberação de ?-HEX foi atingido quando as células foram tratadas com 10 µM de Gal-1 por 24 horas. Este efeito inibitório não foi detectado quando as células foram tratadas com Gal-1 na presença de ?-D-Tiogalactopiranosídeo (TDG), quando estimuladas com ionóforo de cálcio ou tratadas com a forma monomérica da Gal-1. Os dados de microscopia confocal mostraram que os grânulos secretórios de células submetidas ao procedimento de estimulação via Fc?RI, foram fracamente marcados com o anticorpo AD1 e apresentaram uma distribuição citoplasmática difusa. Entretanto, células tratadas com Gal-1 (10 µM - 24 horas) e estimuladas via Fc?RI foram intensamente marcadas com anticorpo AD1 e mostraram um padrão perinuclear, como detectado em células não estimuladas. De modo interessante, camundongos deficientes para o gene de Gal-1 quando submetidos ao ensaio de anafilaxia passiva cutânea (PCA) apresentaram uma reação significativamente maior que os animais selvagens. Com base no conjunto de resultados obtidos sugere-se que a Gal-1 pode participar da homeostase de mastóctios sem provocar apoptose e/ou necrose dessas células. Além disso, a Gal-1 pode modular o processo de exocitose de mastócitos por meio das propriedades lectínica e de dimerização dessa proteína e esse efeito modulatório parece estar associado a eventos de sinalização celular anteriores ao influxo de cálcio.Galectin-1 (Gal-1) belongs to a family of ?-galactoside-binding proteins and is involved in several biological processes, including modulation of the inflammatory response. Mast cells play a critical role in allergic and inflammatory events, however, little is known about the impact of Gal-1 on mast cell biology. In this study, we examined the role of Gal-1 in mast cell function using RBL-2H3 (Rat Basophilic Leukemia) and galectin-1 deficient mice. We report that Gal-1 recognized glycoconjugates on mast cells and this interaction promotes phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in the absence of cell death or apoptosis. Morphological analysis of Gal-1-treated RBL-2H3 cells, by scanning electron microscopy and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC), indicated that Gal-1 induces modifications on cell membranes and modulation of ruffles formation on cell surface of stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Interesting, Gal-1 treatment of RBL-2H3 cells, with or without stimulation, promotes alterations in the distribution of the components (Lyn, LAT and GD1b) of Lipid Rafts. Gal-1 did not promote degranulation on RBL-2H3 with or without prior sensitization with IgE. However, Gal-1 treatment inhibits the cell degranulation mediated by via Fc?RI and this effect was time and dose-dependent. Also, this inhibition was related to carbohydrate recognition domain and required Gal-1 dimerization. Importantly, confocal microscopy analysis showed that Gal-1 was distributed in cytoplasm close to secretory granules stained AD-1 antibody on RBL-2H3 with or without prior stimulation with Fc?RI. In addition, we found significantly increased passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in Gal-1 deficient mice. The results demonstrated that Gal-1 may participate of homeostasis and exocytose in mast cells suggesting that Gal-1 can have important role in allergic and inflammatory process

Fotoprotetores derivados de produtos naturais: perspectivas de mercado e interações entre o setor produtivo e centros de pesquisa Natural products derived sunscreen: market perspectives and interactions between business and research institutes

<abstract language="eng">Ultraviolet radiation is the major exogenous mediators of skin damage. To prevent such damage, sunscreen products are used. New research aims at both the elucidation of new sunscreen compounds, as well as new assets for supporting and synergistic action. In this article it is presented a systematic data of innovation for sunscreen and a discussion on prospects for partnership between universities and enterprises, where it is believed that the innovations in cosmetics, driven by the constant demand of the market in new products, may be a stimulus for the interactions between university and company in Brazil

Microsomal metabolism of erythraline: an anxiolitic spiroalkaloid

ABSTRACTThe genus Erythrina, Fabaceae, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Their flowers, fruits, seeds and bark are frequently used in folk medicine for its effects on the central nervous system such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, analgesic, sedative, and hypnotic effects. Erythraline has been reported as one of the active compounds from Erythrina, but until now there are no pharmacokinetics data about this compound and only few results showing a putative metabolism were reported. To improve the information about erythraline metabolism, this article reports and discusses, for the first time, the in vitrometabolism biotransformation of erythraline by cytochrome P450 enzymes

Megastigmanes from Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)

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Isolation, functional, and partial biochemical characterization of galatrox, an acidic lectin from Bothrops atrox snake venom

Snake venom lectins have been studied in regard to their chemical structure and biological functions. However, little is known about lectins isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom. We report here the isolation and partial functional and biochemical characterization of an acidic glycan-binding protein called galatrox from this venom. This lectin was purified by affinity chromatography using a lactosyl-sepharose column, and its homogeneity and molecular mass were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The purified galatrox was homogeneous and characterized as an acidic protein (pI 5.2) with a monomeric and dimeric molecular mass of 16.2 and 32.5 kDa, respectively. Alignment of N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences of galatrox indicated that this protein exhibits high homology to other C-type snake venom lectins. Galatrox showed optimal hemagglutinating activity at a concentration of 100 mu g/ml and this effect was drastically inhibited by lactose, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and heating, which confirmed galatrox`s lectin activity. While galatrox failed to induce the same level of paw edema or mast cell degranulation as B. atrox crude venom, galatrox did alter cellular viability, which suggested that galatrox might contribute to venom toxicity by directly inducing cell death.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[2005/54855-0