African swine fever : an Update

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La representació de la memòria històrica. Anàlisi dels programes televisius que tracten la Guerra Civil i el franquisme a Catalunya

El present treball estudia la representació de la memòria històrica a través del mitjà televisiu a Catalunya. En concret, se centra en la representació dels esdeveniments més traumàtics de la història contemporània d'Espanya, la Guerra Civil i el franquisme. A partir de l'anàlisi de cinc productes recents de característiques diferents s'estableixen els punts en comú i les variants en el discurs sobre la memòria històrica transmès per la televisió.El presente trabajo estudia la representación de la memoria histórica a través del medio televisivo en Cataluña. En concreto, se centra en la representación de los acontecimientos más traumáticos de la historia contemporánea de España, la Guerra Civil y el franquismo. A partir del análisis de cinco productos recientes de características diferentes se establecen los puntos en común y las variantes en el discurso sobre la memoria histórica transmitido por la televisión.This study examines the representation of historical memory on television in Catalonia. In particular, it focuses on the representation of the most traumatic events in the contemporary history of Spain, the Civil War and the Francoist Spain. It is based on the analysis of five recent products with different characteristics, in order to define the points in common and the differences of the discourse on the historical memory broadcasted by television

Dry deposition and canopy uptake in Mediterranean holm-oak forests estimated with a canopy budget model : a focus on N estimations

Bulk/wet and throughfall fluxes of major compounds were measured from June 2011 to June 2013 at four Mediterranean holm-oak (Quercus ilex) forests in the Iberian Peninsula. Regression analysis between net throughfall fluxes and precipitation indicated that the best defined canopy process was leaching for K⁺ and uptake for NH₄⁺ at all sites. A more variable response between sites was found for Na⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻, which suggests that the interplay of dry deposition, leaching and uptake at the canopy was different depending on site climate and air quality characteristics. A canopy budget model (CBM) was used to try to discriminate between the canopy processes and enable to estimate dry deposition and uptake fluxes at three of the sites that complied with the model specifications. To derive N uptake, an efficiency factor of NH₄⁺ vs. NO₃⁻ uptake (xNH₄) corresponding to moles of NH₄⁺ taken up for each NO₃⁻ mol, has to be determined. Up to now, a value of 6 has been proposed for temperate forests, but we lack information for Mediterranean forests. Experimental determination of N absorption on Quercus ilex seedlings in Spain suggests efficiency factors from 1 to 6. Based on these values, a sensitivity analysis for xNH₄ was performed and the NH₄N and NO₃N modeled dry deposition was compared with dry deposition estimated with independent methods (inferential modeling and washing of branches). At two sites in NE Spain under a milder Mediterranean climate, the best match was obtained for xNH4 = 6, corroborating results from European temperate forests. Based on this value, total DIN deposition was 12-13 kg N ha−1 y−1 at these sites. However, for a site in central Spain under drier conditions, variation of the NH4+ efficiency factor had little effect on DD estimates (which ranged from 2 to 2.6 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ with varying xNH₄); when added to wet deposition, this produced a total N deposition in the range 2.6-3.4 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Dry deposition was the predominant pathway for N, accounting for 60-80% of total deposition, while for base cations wet deposition dominated (55-65%). Nitrogen deposition values at the northwestern sites were close to the empirical critical load proposed for evergreen sclerophyllous Mediterranean forests (15-17 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). When organic N deposition at these forests is added (3 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), the total N input to the sites in NE Spain are close to the critical loads for Mediterranean evergreen oak forests

Trend in mortality rates by gender, age and year in Kibera informal settlement, Kenya January 2009–December 2010.

*<p>Significant reductions in mortality rates over the years.</p

Village-Randomized Clinical Trial of Home Distribution of Zinc for Treatment of Childhood Diarrhea in Rural Western Kenya

<div><p>Background</p><p>Zinc treatment shortens diarrhea episodes and can prevent future episodes. In rural Africa, most children with diarrhea are not brought to health facilities. In a village-randomized trial in rural Kenya, we assessed if zinc treatment might have a community-level preventive effect on diarrhea incidence if available at home versus only at health facilities.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We randomized 16 Kenyan villages (1,903 eligible children) to receive a 10-day course of zinc and two oral rehydration solution (ORS) sachets every two months at home and 17 villages (2,241 eligible children) to receive ORS at home, but zinc at the health–facility only. Children’s caretakers were educated in zinc/ORS use by village workers, both unblinded to intervention arm. We evaluated whether incidence of diarrhea and acute lower respiratory illness (ALRI) reported at biweekly home visits and presenting to clinic were lower in zinc villages, using poisson regression adjusting for baseline disease rates, distance to clinic, and children’s age.</p><p>Results</p><p>There were no differences between village groups in diarrhea incidence either reported at the home or presenting to clinic. In zinc villages (1,440 children analyzed), 61.2% of diarrheal episodes were treated with zinc, compared to 5.4% in comparison villages (1,584 children analyzed, p<0.0001). There were no differences in ORS use between zinc (59.6%) and comparison villages (58.8%). Among children with fever or cough without diarrhea, zinc use was low (<0.5%). There was a lower incidence of reported ALRI in zinc villages (adjusted RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.46–0.99), but not presenting at clinic.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In this study, home zinc use to treat diarrhea did not decrease disease rates in the community. However, with proper training, availability of zinc at home could lead to more episodes of pediatric diarrhea being treated with zinc in parts of rural Africa where healthcare utilization is low.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00530829?term=NCT00530829&rank=1" target="_blank">NCT00530829</a></p></div

Effect of intervention on drug use and healthcare use for various disease syndromes during the intervention period from household morbidity surveillance (HMS), western Kenya, February 2008–March 2009.

<p>*p-value calculation includes a random effect variable for village, and adjusts for pre-intervention rates of seeking care outside the home by village - F-test in SAS PROC GLIMMIX.</p>†<p>% given in table is the % of biweekly household visits with illness that resulted in medication use or care-seeking outside the home. Denominator for sought care was slightly lower than for medication use due to some missing data for that variable.</p>¶<p>For primary outcome, intracluster correlation (ICC) = 0.030.</p

Description of the study participants in case-control study of risk factors for hospitalized influenza, Bondo District, Kenya, 2007-9.

<p>Description of the study participants in case-control study of risk factors for hospitalized influenza, Bondo District, Kenya, 2007-9.</p