Evaluación diagnóstica del grado de adaptación de la ciudad de Castellón a las personas mayores

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud la población mundial ha sufrido, en los últimos años, un envejecimiento significativo (oms, 2015). En el año 2050 el porcentaje de población mayor de 60 años se habrá duplicado, provocando que por primera vez en la historia la pirámide mundial poblacional se invierta. Además, en los últimos años, se ha producido una migración de la población mayor de 60 años desde las zonas rurales a los centros urbanos. Para el año 2030 se prevé que tres de cada cinco personas del mundo vivan en alguna ciudad y el número de habitantes urbanos en las regiones menos desarrolladas sea casi cuatro veces mayor que en las regiones desarrolladas. Por estos motivos, la ciudad de Castellón decide participar en el proyecto «Red mundial de ciudades amigables con las personas mayores» promovido por la oms. Objetivo: Realizar un diagnóstico del municipio de Castellón a través de datos facilitados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística (ine). Metodología: Se han analizado las características de la población mayor de 60 años en cuanto a los datos demográficos, ocupación, variables que dificultan el bienestar de la población envejecida y recursos que la ciudad ofrece. Resultados: Se han establecido las características de las personas mayores en la ciudad de Castellón. Discusión: Existe la necesidad de participar en el proyecto de la oms a través de un plan de acción que proporcionará una serie de ventajas y beneficios para la ciudadanía en general y las personas mayores en particular.The population has significantly aged, as reflected by the latest World Health Organization data (who, 2015). An increase in the percentage of population aged over 60 years by the year 2050 will cause population pyramid reversal for the first time in human history. In recent years, the population aged over 60 years has migrated from rural to urban zones. By the year 2030, 3 in every 5 people worldwide are expected to live in some city. In the same vein, the number of city inhabitants in less developed regions is expected to be 4-fold higher than in developed ones. For these reasons, the city of Castellón has decided to participate in the “Global network of old population-friendly cities” project promoted by the who. Objective: A diagnostic study of the city of Castellón was done with Spanish National Statistics Institute (ine) data. This diagnosis takes into account the characteristics of the population aged over 60 by focusing specially on demographic information, the features that make the aged population’s welfare difficult in urban centres and the resources that towns offer. Results: Our results reveal the characteristics of the aged population in Castellón. Discussion: There is an urgent need to participate in the who project by following an action plan to guarantee various advantages and benefits to the population in general, and to the old population of this town in particular

Establishing of Rolling - Friction Coefficient, for Hertzian Contacts Between Steel Balls and Different Kinds of Thermochemical Treated Steel Surfaces

It is known that for the ball displacement guide paths, the necessary startmoving force of the mobile half-couple is higher than the displacement-motion keeps force.Within the frame of this work, it has been designed and manufactured special pairs of rolling-motion couples, made from 5115AISI case-hardening steel and 4140 AISI heat treatable steel. After that, some of them (in the first blend) were carburized (at 925 oC) and others carbonitrided (at 890 oC) in gaseous conditions. The rolling - friction tests supposed different arrangements of the half-couples and balls. In order to establish the rolling - friction coefficients for all the thermochemical treated surfaces, a typical method such as the inclined plane slope, was used. Taking into account each kind of superficial treatment category, generally, it has been observed smaller values of equivalent friction coefficient for the carburized surfaces in comparison with the carbonitrided ones. For low - temperature superficial treatments category, a little bit smaller values of equivalent friction coefficient for the nitocarburized surfaces in comparison with the nitrided ones were obtained. The non-treated surfaces have been characterized, in all the cases, by minimum friction coefficient values in comparison with the treated ones. In comparison, the results clearly show a difference between the equivalent friction coefficient values registered for carburized/carbonitrided and nitrided/nitrocarburized surfaces. Thus, in the first case, these values were smaller than in the second case

weight reduction by topology optimization of an engine subframe mount designed for additive manufacturing production

Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies are getting more and more strategic for different purposes in many industrial fields. Among the most outstanding are part prototyping, single part to small batch production, relatively reduced manufacturing times and investments costs, reduced material consumption, and innovative and efficient shapes. The considerable advantages these technologies offer, compared to subtractive ones, make additive manufacturing a potentially industry-leading process in almost all domains - from aeronautics to the medical industry. Under these circumstances, the inspiration given by topology optimization tools can lead to feasible industrial parts, with fewer constraints in comparison to traditional manufacturing processes. The paper presents the development and the results obtained using topology optimization and design for AM technology on an automotive part: an engine mount sub-frame component for a rear middle engine sports car. The final design enables a significant weight reduction

Establishing the Rolling - Friction Coefficient for Different Contacts Between Balls and Termochemicallly Treated Steel Rolling Paths

Within the frame of this work, the influence of four very well-known and often used thermochemical treatments (carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding and nitrocarburizing) of steel rolling paths applied on rolling-friction coefficient has been studied. The rolling - friction tests supposed different arrangements of the semi-couples (plates) and intermediary balls. Because of the difficulty in estimating the value (dimension) of the rolling friction coefficient, an equivalent static friction coefficient μ0 (at the start) was established for all the couples. According to the experimental results of this study, the carburized rolling paths seemed to offer the best conditions for rolling, the initial move appearing at the earliest. In addition, the presence of  nitrogen and the possible FexN compounds on the contact rolling surface leads to an increased friction coefficient μ0. Finally, the study demonstrated that there is a slight tendency for a certain decrease in μ0 when increasing the intermediary balls diameter

Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDOES), an Effectiveness Method for Characterizing Composition of Surfaces and Coatings

Within the frame of this work, the technical procedures and real advantages of using Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES) for establishing depth concentration profiles of surfaces are presented. GDOES can detect low concentrations with high accuracy. It can be used for either quantitative bulk analysis (QBA) or quantitative depth profiling (QDP) in the nanometer to micron range. Non-conductive and conductive samples can be analysed. The main applications of this spectral method are related to different technology fields such as: heat treatment processes, casting, heat and cold forming processes, thermochemical treatments, electro-chemical processes (galvanic coatings), chemical and physical vapour depositions (CVD, PVD), thermal oxidation processes and anodizing, thin-films and others

The Estimation of Corrosion Behavior of NiTi and NiTiNb Alloys Using Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Linear anodic potentiodynamic polarization and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (DEIS) measurements were carried out for NiTi and NiTiNb alloys in physiological 0.9 wt% NaCl solution in order to assess their corrosion resistance. DEIS measurements were performed from open circuit potential to dissolution potential. It was shown that the impedance measurements in potentiodynamic conditions allow simultaneous investigation of changes in passive layer structure. The impedance spectra of various potential regions were fitted and also discussed. The surface morphology of the alloys after linear anodic polarization test was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique

Mechanical and Tribological Properties of TiCxOy Thin Films

The main purpose of this work consists on the preparation of single layered titanium oxycarbide, TiCxOy, thin films, deposited by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering. The depositions were carried out from a TiC solid target, on (AISI M2) steel substrates at 200 oC, under the variation of two process parameters, such us time deposition and flow rate of reactive gas O2. The O2 flow varied between 0.5 and 7.5 sccm and the deposition time between 3600 and 6000 s. In terms of film colours, the most interesting colour tones have been observed if the oxygen flow increased. Static friction coefficient, wear and residual stresses are characterized and discussed as a function of both process parameters (oxygen flow and time). The results reveled a good correlation between compressive residual stress level in the films and the oxygen flow. A compressive residual stress state has been observed if the O2 flow is bigger than 1 sccm. Generally, the addition of oxygen till 7.5 sccm leads to an increasing of this compressive stress level to -17.7 GPa. For an oxygen flow rate higher than 2 sccm and a high compressive residual stress level, the deposited films presented a good wear behaviour. However, the best wear results were registered for a moderate value of the residual stress (-1.18 GPa) and an oxygen flow rate of 2.5 sccm