Cytokine-associated neutrophil extracellular traps and antinuclear antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum infected children under six years of age

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In <it>Plasmodium falciparum</it>-infected children, the relationships between blood cell histopathology, blood plasma components, development of immunocompetence and disease severity remain poorly understood. Blood from Nigerian children with uncomplicated malaria was analysed to gain insight into these relationships. This investigation presents evidence for circulating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and antinuclear IgG antibodies (ANA). The presence of NETs and ANA to double-stranded DNA along with the cytokine profiles found suggests autoimmune mechanisms that could produce pathogenesis in children, but immunoprotection in adults.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Peripheral blood smear slides and blood samples obtained from 21 Nigerian children under six years of age, presenting with uncomplicated malaria before and seven days after initiation of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) treatment were analysed. The slides were stained with Giemsa and with DAPI. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF, CRP, and IL-6, select anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10, and ANA were determined by immunoassay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The children exhibited circulating NETs with adherent parasites and erythrocytes, elevated ANA levels, a Th2 dominated cytokine profile, and left-shifted leukocyte differential counts. Nonspecific ANA levels were significant in 86% of the children pretreatment and in 100% of the children seven days after SP treatment, but in only 33% of age-matched control samples collected during the season of low parasite transmission. Levels of ANA specific for dsDNA were significant in 81% of the children both pre-treatment and post treatment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of this investigation suggest that NET formation and ANA to dsDNA may induce pathology in falciparum-infected children, but activate a protective mechanism against falciparum malaria in adults. The significance of in vivo circulating chromatin in NETs and dsDNA ANA as a causative factor in the hyporesponsiveness of CpG oligonucleotide-based malaria vaccines is discussed.</p

Technico-Economical Diagnosis of Traditional Goats Farms Based on Zootechnical Performances in the Locality of Wakwa (Adamawa Region-Cameroon)

A survey was carried out in the locality of Wakwa, region of Adamawa-Cameroon during the month of April 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the elements of calculation of the gross product, intermediate consumption, and the method of calculation of the added value of traditional farms in the area with the zootechnical parameters of the goat as elements of economic production through the administration of a previously established questionnaire. The questions asked concerned: the socio-economic profile of the breeders, the farming or breeding system practiced the zootechnical parameters and the price and cost elements of inputs. It was noticed from this survey that the gender profile of the farmers is made up mostly of men (80%), most of who were above twenty years (92%), with agriculture (56%) as principal activity, trade (20%), handicrafts, pottery, sewing and other side activities (24%). They were mostly persons having received no formal education (68%). Regarding zootechnical parameters, the size of the herd did not exceed 10 animals for the majority of farms (76%). The selling price of the animals varied between 15,000 FCFA and 60,000 FCFA. The Litter of birth goat obeyed the principle of twinning with less than two litters per year or five cubs for a goat. The mortality of neonates and kids was less than 30%, which brings the number of adult goats to between 3 and 4 per year. Grosso modo, the goat breeding activity provides breeders with an estimated annual income of around 64,251.709 CFA, with a total cost of intermediate consumption over the mother's career of 7,904.9922 FCFA for a Gross Added Value of a mother over the duration of her career estimated at 143,300.698 FCFA

Cytokine-associated neutrophil extracellular traps and antinuclear antibodies in infected children under six years of age-2

E Pre-Rx samples in (A) and (B) were collected before SP treatment. The Post-Rx samples in (A) and (B) were collected seven days after SP treatment. Samples from children exhibiting no evidence of falciparum infection were collected during a season of low transmission (A, LT). ANA Index values were calculated according to assay kit instructions and interpreted as negative, ≤0.90; equivocal, 0.91-1.09; and positive, ≥1.10. Anti-dsDNA levels were calculated according to assay kit instructions and interpreted as negative 200 IU/ml.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cytokine-associated neutrophil extracellular traps and antinuclear antibodies in infected children under six years of age"</p><p>http://www.malariajournal.com/content/7/1/41</p><p>Malaria Journal 2008;7():41-41.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2275287.</p><p></p

Cytokine-associated neutrophil extracellular traps and antinuclear antibodies in infected children under six years of age-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cytokine-associated neutrophil extracellular traps and antinuclear antibodies in infected children under six years of age"</p><p>http://www.malariajournal.com/content/7/1/41</p><p>Malaria Journal 2008;7():41-41.</p><p>Published online 29 Feb 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2275287.</p><p></p