Modelagem de cenários de ocupação no litoral sul de Santa Catarina utilizando técnicas de análise geoespacial

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Florianópolis, 2016.Nas três últimas décadas, como resultado de diversos vetores de ocupação, a paisagem da zona costeira sul de Santa Catarina se alterou de maneira acentuada. Considerando a ocupação e uso do solo como processos que seguem padrões vinculados ao contexto histórico e às características naturais e humanas de uma região, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os vetores de mudança de uso e cobertura da terra, mapear regiões com diferentes padrões de ocupação em termos de modelo social e produtivo no uso da terra, compreender a dinâmica de ocupação qualitativa e quantitativamente, modelar cenários simulados da ocupação futura e identificar áreas com maior potencial de conservação em dois municípios desta região: Passo de Torres e Balneário Gaivota. A partir da análise de imagens de satélite, aerofotografias, levantamento de dados fundiários e entrevistas, foi possível extrair os vetores que influenciam o uso do solo e perceber que são dependentes de regiões de acordo com distintos tipos de ocupação, baseada na finalidade de uso da propriedade. Através de métodos de análise multitemporal das mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra, mensurou-se as mudanças espacial e temporalmente, de modo qualitativo e quantitativo. Utilizaram-se imagens LandSat dos anos de 1985, 1994, 2004 e 2014, técnica de classificação de imagens orientadas a objetos (OBIA) e análise vetorial pós-classificação para mensurar as trajetórias de mudança do uso do solo ocorridas ao longo das três décadas. Utilizou-se do método de modelagem dinâmica espacial para simulação de cenários de tendências destas mudanças do uso do solo. As variáveis resposta foram as classes de uso do solo: Urbana, Uso Rural, Natural e Água. As variáveis explicativas (vetores) responsáveis pelo padrão das mudanças no ocupação foram selecionadas e mapeadas e todas integradas em um banco de dados geoespacial. Utilizou-se a regressão logística multivariada para ponderar a influência dos vetores e alimentar o módulo potencial do modelo espacialmente explícito LuccME (módulo do TerraME, ambos desenvolvidos no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE) efetuando a fase de calibração entre dados de 1994 e 2004, validação do modelo comparando dados entre 2004 e 2014 e posteriormente a projeção de mudança do uso do solo, simulando cenários para 30 anos. Os resultados identificaram cinco regiões diferenciáveis segundo padrões de ocupação podendo-se mapeá-las em: pequena propriedade de agricultura familiar, grande propriedade rural de produção pecuária e florestal, área rural de predomínio da rizicultura, loteamentos litorâneos e sedes urbanas. Foram identificados os seguintes vetores de mudança do uso da terra: grau de implantação dos loteamentos, densidade populacional, distância ao mar, infraestrutura viária, distância aos centros das cidades, distância ao núcleo das comunidades rurais e distância às manchas urbanas consolidadas, atuantes em diferentes graus em cada região. No estudo multitemporal aferiu-se que, no histórico de 30 anos: houve avanço das áreas de uso agropecuário em 19,3%, majoritariamente na zona mais interiorizada; a classe urbana mostrou crescimento de 918,9%, principalmente na região mais próxima à orla e houve 47% de perda de áreas de predomínio de vegetação natural para as demais classes. Em 2014 existiam 4.300 ha de remanescentes de vegetação nativa, porém sofrendo com uma expansão agropecuária e urbana. Os cenários futuros indicaram a provável alocação das mudanças e de duas áreas com potencial de conservação próximas a orla, nas quais existiriam menor tendência a ocupação.Abstract : The landscape of Santa Catarina coastal area has changed sharply because of various vectors of occupation in the last three decades. Considering the occupation and land use as processes that follow patterns related to the historical context and the environmental and human characteristics of a region, the aim of this study was: identify the vectors of change in land use and land cover; mapping regions with different settlement patterns in terms of social and productive model in land use; understand the dynamics in occupation qualitative and quantitatively; model simulated scenarios of future occupation and to identify areas with the potential for conservation in two municipalities of the region: Passo de Torres and Balneario Gaivota. From satellite image analysis, aerial photography, survey of land data and interviews, it was possible to extract the drivers that influence land use and realize that they are dependent regions according to different types of occupation, based on the use of purpose of property. Through multi-temporal analysis methods for Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC), was measured changes by spatial and temporal, qualitative and quantitative ways. It was used Landsat images from the years 1985, 1994, 2004 and 2014, Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification technique and post-classification vector analysis to measure the change trajectories of land use that occurred over the past three decades. Finally, using the spatial dynamics modeling method was simulated scenarios trends of changes in land use. The response variables were the land use classes: Urban, Rural Use, Natural and Water. The explanatory variables (vectors) responsible for the pattern of changes in occupation were selected, mapped and integrated into a geospatial database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the influence of vectors and input the potential module of the spatially explicit model LuccME (module of TerraME, developed at the National Institute for Space Research - INPE). The calibration phase was the period between 1994 and 2004, model validation was comparing data between 2004 and 2014 and then the projection of land use change, simulating scenarios for 30 years. The results identified five regions differentiated according to occupation model, allowing mapping them in: smallholding family farming, large farm with livestock and forestry production, rural predominance of rice growing, coastal settlements and urban center. The following vectors of land use change were identified: degree of implementation of coastal settlements, population density, distance from the sea, road infrastructure, distance to city centers, distance to the core of rural communities and distance to consolidated urban spots, active in different levels in each region. Multi-temporal study in the 30 years history could verify that: there has been a progress in rural use areas by 19.3%, mostly in interior zone; the urban class showed growth of 918.9%, mainly in the seashore zone and there was 47% loss of natural vegetation cover for the other classes. In 2014, there were 4,300 hectares of remnant native vegetation, but suffering from an agricultural and urban expansion. The future scenarios indicate the probable allocation of changes and two areas with potential for conservation, where there would be less likely to occupation

Reactivación de la frontera agrícola y aumento de la tasa de deforestación al norte de la BR - 163, municipios de Santarém y Belterra, Pará, Brasil (1999 - 2004).

A reativação da fronteira agrícola na Amazônia Central, região comandada por Santarém, caracterizada pela chegada de novos agentes sociais e pela transformação dos sistemas agropecuários, está gerando novas dinâmicas socioeconômicas e expressivos impactos ambientais, nomeadamente o aumento da taxa de desmatamento. Através desse trabalho, esperamos ajudar na compreensão deste processo dinâmico, a partir da determinação da área desmatada no período estudado (1999-2004), estabelecendo quais são os fatores envolvidos na abertura de novas áreas de selva tropical para a sua incorporação ao sistema produtivo na região Norte da Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163) e os efeitos que este processo tem na reorganização do espaço geográfico.The reactivation of the agricultural frontier in Central Amazonia, a region that gravitates around the Santarém, is characterized by the arrival of new social agents and the transformation of the current farming systems. This reactivation is generating new social and economic dynamics and significant environmental impacts, specifically the increase in the rate of deforestation. Currently, we are attempting to understand this dynamic process by analyzing the area(s) which suffered from deforestation in the studied period (1999-2004). Specifically, we are trying to determine which factors are good indicators that a new area of tropical rainforest will be opened for its incorporation into the productive system in the North region of Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163). We also hope to demonstrate the effects that this process has in the reorganization of the geographic space.La reactivación de la frontera agrícola en la Amazonia Central, región que gravita en torno al núcleo urbano de Santarém, caracterizada por la llegada de nuevos agentes sociales y la transformación de los sistemas agropecuarios, está generando nuevas dinámicas socioeconómicas y significativos impactos ambientales, substancialmente el aumento de la tasa de deforestación. A través del presente trabajo, se pretende ayudar en la comprensión de este proceso dinámico, a partir de la comprobación del área deforestada en el periodo estudiado (1999-2004), determinando cuáles son los factores implicados en la apertura de nuevas áreas de selva tropical para su incorporación al sistema productivo en la región Norte de la Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163) y los efectos que este proceso tiene en la reorganización del espacio geográfico

Santa Catarina Southern coast occupation: a historical analysis of drivers and processes.

Abstract: Considering the occupation and land use as processes that follow patterns related to the historical context and the natural and human characteristics of a region, the objective of this work was to identify drivers of change, as well as, understand the dynamics of occupation in two municipalities from southern coastal areas of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, using multiple geography techniques. Different patterns were identified, classified and mapped. In rural areas, access, subdivision property of small farms and increase areas for agriculture and cattle are the main drivers of change. At the shore portion of the municipalities, infrastructure deployment in the coastal settlements, which occupy almost all of the 32 km of coastline with 60,000 plots of land registered, was detected as the most important factor that influence on use and cover change. At the urban centers, the differences in occupation history generated differences in current population formation and in the drivers that are responsible for the urban growth

Continuous Drip Flow System to Develop Biofilm of E. faecalis

Purpose. To evaluate a structurally mature E. faecalis biofilm developed under anaerobic/dynamic conditions in an in vitro system. Methods. An experimental device was developed using a continuous drip flow system designed to develop biofilm under anaerobic conditions. The inoculum was replaced every 24 hours with a fresh growth medium for up to 10 days to feed the system. Gram staining was done every 24 hours to control the microorganism purity. Biofilms developed under the system were evaluated under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results. SEM micrographs demonstrated mushroom-shaped structures, corresponding to a mature E. faecalis biofilm. In the mature biofilm bacterial cells are totally encased in a polymeric extracellular matrix. Conclusions. The proposed in vitro system model provides an additional useful tool to study the biofilm concept in endodontic microbiology, allowing for a better understanding of persistent root canal infections

Reactivación de la frontera agrícola y aumento de la tasa de deforestación al norte de la BR-163, municipios de Santarém y Belterra, Pará, Brasil (1999 - 2004)

La reactivación de la frontera agrícola en la Amazonia Central, región que gravita en torno al núcleo urbano de Santarém, caracterizada por la llegada de nuevos agentes sociales y la transformación de los sistemas agropecuarios, está generando nuevas dinámicas socioeconómicas y significativos impactos ambientales, substancialmente el aumento de la tasa de deforestación. A través del presente trabajo, se pretende ayudar en la comprensión de este proceso dinámico, a partir de la comprobación del área deforestada en el periodo estudiado (1999-2004), determinando cuáles son los factores implicados en la apertura de nuevas áreas de selva tropical para su incorporación al sistema productivo en la región Norte de la Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163) y los efectos que este proceso tiene en la reorganización del espacio geográfico.The reactivation of the agricultural frontier in Central Amazonia, a region that gravitates around the Santarém, is characterized by the arrival of new social agents and the transformation of the current farming systems. This reactivation is generating new social and economic dynamics and significant environmental impacts, specifically the increase in the rate of deforestation. Currently, we are attempting to understand this dynamic process by analyzing the area(s) which suffered from deforestation in the studied period (1999-2004). Specifically, we are trying to determine which factors are good indicators that a new area of tropical rainforest will be opened for its incorporation into the productive system in the North region of Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163). We also hope to demonstrate the effects that this process has in the reorganization of the geographic space.A reativação da fronteira agrícola na Amazônia Central, região comandada por Santarém, caracterizada pela chegada de novos agentes sociais e pela transformação dos sistemas agropecuários, está gerando novas dinâmicas socioeconômicas e expressivos impactos ambientais, nomeadamente o aumento da taxa de desmatamento. Através desse trabalho, esperamos ajudar na compreensão deste processo dinâmico, a partir da determinação da área desmatada no período estudado (1999-2004), estabelecendo quais são os fatores envolvidos na abertura de novas áreas de selva tropical para a sua incorporação ao sistema produtivo na região Norte da Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163) e os efeitos que este processo tem na reorganização do espaço geográfico

Apical negative pressure irrigation versus conventional irrigation plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing on root canal disinfection in dog teeth

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare in vivo the efficacy of 2 root canal disinfection techniques (apical negative pressure irrigation versus apical positive pressure irrigation plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing) in immature dog teeth with apical periodontitis. Study design. Two groups of root canals with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were evaluated according to the disinfection technique: group 1: apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system); and group 2: apical positive pressure irrigation (conventional irrigation) plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing. The first sample (S1) was collected after lesions were radiographically visible, and the second sample (S2) was collected after apical negative pressure irrigation (group 1) or conventional irrigation/triantibiotic dressing (group 2). All samples were seeded in a culture medium for anaerobic bacteria. Colony-forming unit counts were analyzed statistically by the Mann-Whitney test (alpha = .05). Results. Microorganisms were present in 100% of canals of both groups in S1. In S2, microorganisms were absent in 88.6% of group 1`s canals and 78.28% of group 2`s canals. There was no significant difference between the groups in either S1 (P = .0963) or S2 (P = .0566). There was significant (P < .05) bacterial reduction from S1 to S2 in both groups. Conclusion. In immature teeth with apical periodontitis, use of the EndoVac system can be considered to be a promising disinfection protocol, because it provided similar bacterial reduction to that of apical positive pressure irrigation (conventional irrigation) plus intracanal dressing with the triantibiotic paste, and the use of intracanal antibiotics might not be necessary. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:e42-e46

Efficacy of the Self-Adjusting File System on Cleaning and Shaping Oval Canals: A Microbiological and Microscopic Evaluation

INTRODUCTION: The shaping ability of root canal instruments is determined by a complex interrelationship of parameters such as cross-sectional design and the ability to remove debris and the smear layer. The self-adjusting file (SAF) consists of a hollow, flexible instrument in the form of a compressible, thin-walled, pointed cylinder. The aim of this study was to compare the SAF with the ProTaper rotary file system, evaluating debris and smear layer removal and the presence of bacteria by using microbiological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation. METHODS: Fifty maxillary premolars were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 30 days and then randomly distributed into 2 groups. Group 1 was prepared with ProTaper rotary instruments and irrigated with 30-gauge side-vented needles. Group 2 was prepared by using the SAF system with continuous irrigation. Bacteriologic samples were taken before and after preparation. All samples were then longitudinally split and analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. The scoring was carried out by 3 blinded evaluators. RESULTS: In group 1, 40% of samples had negative cultures with postinstrumentation samples taken with paper points (S2a) and 45% with postinstrumentation dentin samples (S2b). In group 2, 20% of samples had negative cultures with S2a and 15% with S2b. Intragroup analyses evaluating the reduction in the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) from S1 to S2a and S2b demonstrated both preparation techniques were highly effective (P < .01). Further reduction of CFUs was observed when comparing S2a and S2b in group 1 (P < .05), whereas no difference was observed in group 2. Intergroup analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference of CFUs at S2a and S2b (P < .05). SEM scores were consistent with the microbiology findings. CONCLUSIONS: The SAF system does not allow control of the apical enlargement, thus limiting the ability of the irrigants to achieve effective and predictable disinfection.2.929 JCR (2012) Q1, 8/83 Dentistry, oral surgery & medicin

Revascularization and periapical repair after endodontic treatment using apical negative pressure irrigation versus conventional irrigation plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing in dogs` teeth with apical periodontitis

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vivo the revascularization and the apical and periapical repair after endodontic treatment using 2 techniques for root canal disinfection (apical negative pressure irrigation versus apical positive pressure irrigation plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing) in immature dogs` teeth with apical periodontitis. Study design. Two test groups of canals with experimentally induced apical periodontitis were evaluated according to the disinfection technique: Group 1, apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system), and Group 2, apical positive pressure irrigation (conventional irrigation) plus triantibiotic intracanal dressing. In Group 3 (positive control), periapical lesions were induced, but no endodontic treatment was done. Group 4 (negative control) was composed of sound teeth. The animals were killed after 90 days and the maxillas and mandibles were subjected to histological processing. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Mallory Trichrome and examined under light microscopy. A description of the apical and periapical features was done and scores were attributed to the following histopathological parameters: newly formed mineralized apical tissue, periapical inflammatory infiltrate, apical periodontal ligament thickness, dentin resorption, and bone tissue resorption. Intergroup comparisons were done by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn`s tests (alpha = 0.05). Results. Although statistically significant difference was found only for the inflammatory infiltrate (P < .05), Group 1 presented more exuberant mineralized formations, more structured apical and periapical connective tissue, and a more advanced repair process than Group 2. Conclusion. From the histological observations, sodium hypochlorite irrigation with the EndoVac system can be considered as a promising disinfection protocol in immature teeth with apical periodontitis, suggesting that the use of intracanal antibiotics might not be necessary. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 779-787