A biohybrid interaction framework for the integration of robots in animal societies

International audienceApproval of all ethical and experimental procedures and protocols was granted by the local ethical committee for experimental animals and were performed in an approved fish facility (A3155501) (under permit APAFIS#27303-2020090219529069 v8, and performed in line with the French legislation

Collagen Cross-Linking Using Rose Bengal and Green Light to Increase Corneal Stiffness

PURPOSE. Photochemical cross-linking of corneal collagen is an evolving treatment for keratoconus and other ectatic disorders. We evaluated collagen cross-linking by rose bengal plus green light (RGX) in rabbit eyes and investigated factors important for clinical application. METHODS. Rose bengal (RB, 0.1%) was applied to deepithelialized corneas of enucleated rabbit eyes for 2 minutes. The diffusion distance of RB into the stroma was measured by fluorescence microscopy on frozen sections. RB-stained corneas were exposed to green (532-nm) light for 3.3 to 9.9 minutes (50-150 J/cm 2 ). Changes in the absorption spectrum during the irradiation were recorded. Corneal stiffness was measured by uniaxial tensiometry. The spatial distribution of the stromal elastic modulus was assessed by Brillouin microscopy. Viable keratocytes were counted on H&E-stained sections 24 hours posttreatment. RESULTS. RB penetrated approximately 100 lm into the corneal stroma and absorbed >90% of the incident green light. RGX (150 J/cm 2 ) increased stromal stiffness by 3.8-fold. The elastic modulus increased in the anterior approximately 120 lm of stroma. RB was partially photobleached during the 2-minute irradiation, but reapplication of RB blocked light transmission by >70%. Spectral measurements suggested that RGX initiated cross-linking by an oxygen-dependent mechanism. RGX did not decrease keratocyte viability. CONCLUSIONS. RGX significantly increases cornea stiffness in a rapid treatment (@12 minutes total time), does not cause toxicity to keratocytes and may be used to stiffen corneas thinner than 400 lm. Thus, RGX may provide an attractive approach to inhibit progression of keratoconus and other ectatic disorders

Gender variation in central serous chorioretinopathy

Background: Comparison of presentation and outcomes of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) between male and female subjects in different ethnic populations. Methods: Retrospective comparison between male and female subjects with CSC was completed. Demographic details, clinical presentations, imaging features and treatment outcomes were compared at baseline and at last follow-up. Results: This study included 155 male and 155 female subjects with a mean (CSD) age of 43.8 ± 10.3 and 57.0 ± 12.1 years, respectively, and a mean duration of follow-up of 8.49 ± 12.6 months. At presentation, there was no difference in visual acuity; however, visual acuity was significantly higher for female subjects at last follow-up (p = 0.02). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis showed that subretinal deposits (p < 0.001), hyperreflective foci (p = 0.001), retinal pigment epithelial detachment (p = 0.01) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) irregularities (p = 0.03) were higher in male subjects at presentation. Angiographic analysis showed that diffuse leakage and RPE tracts were common in males (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). No significant differences in choroidal dilatation or diffuse choroidal leakages were noted. Conclusions: Female subjects with CSC appear to have better outcomes, with less chances of diffuse RPE damage and other OCT features compared to males